¦p¦ó±q VMS Âà²¾¨ì Linux (From VMS to Linux HOWTO) <author>By Guido Gonzato, <url url="guido ``at'' ibogeo.df.unibo.it">, and Mike Miller, <url url="miller5@uiuc.edu">, Ä¶ªÌ¡G®p¦à <date>v1.1.3, 17 September 1999 <abstract> ³o¥÷ HOWTO ¥Dn¬O°w¹ï¨º¨Ç¤w¸g¥Î¹L VMX ¨t²Î¡M¦Ó²{¦b¥i¯à¦]»Ýn¦ÓÂà«¬¨Ï¥Î Linux §@·~¨t²Îªº¤H¡C §Æ±æÂÇ¥Ñ¤ñ¸û¨âªÌ§@·~¨t²Î¶¡«ü¥Oªº®t²§¡M¦Ó´`§Çº¥¶iªº±a»â±z¶i¤J Linux ªº¥@¬É¡C </abstract> <toc> <sect> Â²¤¶ <label id="Introduction"> <sect1> ¬°¦ón¨Ï¥Î Linux ? ±z´¿¸gÅ¥¹L UNIX Á}²`ÃøÀ´«K¬ÈÄß¥á¶} VMS ¶Ü¡H§O·Ð´o¡MLinux¡M³Ì¦nªº UNIX ¬Û®e¾÷ºØ¤§¤@¡M ¤@ÂI¤]¤£·|¤ñ VMS Ãø¨Ï¥Î¡F¬Û¤Ïªº¡M§Úµo²{ Linux ¤ñ VMS §ó®e©ö¤W¤â¡CÁöµM¡MVMS °g¥i¯à¤£¥H¬°µM¡M ¦ý¬O¡M¸g¹L³\¦h¤Hªº«ØÄ³¬O¡GLinux ½T¹ê¬O¤ñ VMS §ó¦³®Ä¤O¥B§ó¬O¦h¥\¡C Linux ©M VMS ¨âªÌ³£¬O«Ü¦nªº§@·~¨t²Î¡M¦Ó¥B¥»½è¤W³£¥i¥H«D±`¦³®Ä²vªº§¹¦¨¬Û¦Pªº§@·~¡C ¦ý¬O¡MLinux ¦³¤@¨Ç«D±`§l¤Þ¤Hªº¯S¦â¡M¦Ó¨Ï±o¦o¦¨¬° VMS «Ü¦nªº¥t¤@Ó¿ï¾Ü¡C¨Ã¥B¡M Linux ¥i¥H¦bÓ¤H¹q¸£ (PC) ¤W¨Ï¥Î¡M¦Ó VMS «o¤£¦æ¡C²{¦b¥ô¦ó¤@¥x©bÄË(Pentium)ªº¹q¸£¡M ¨Ï¥Î Linux ¬°§@·~¨t²Îªº®Ä¯à§ó¥i»·»·¦a³Ó¹L VMS ªº¾÷¾¹¡C§ó°g¤Hªº¬O¡M²{¦b¥H¤@¯ëªºÅã¥Ü¥d¡M ´N¥i¥H¦³«D±`Àu¨qªºµøµ¡¹Ï§Î¬É±¡C´X¥GÁ`¬O§Ö¹L¨º¨Ç±M¥Îªº¹q¸£¡C §Ú·Q¡M±zÀ³¸Ó¬O¤j¾Ç¸Ìªº¬ã¨s¤Hû©Î¬O¾Ç¥Í¡M¨Ã¥B±z¨C¤Ñ¨Ï¥Î VMS ¨Ó§¹¦¨¤U¦Cªº´X¥ó¨Æ¡G <itemize> <item> ¨Ï¥Î TeX/LaTeX ¨Ó¼g³ø§i; <item> ¨Ï¥Î Fortran ¨Ó¼gµ{¦¡; <item> §@¤@¨Ç¹Ï§Î¤å¥ó; <item> ¤Wºô¨Ï¥Î¬Y¨ÇªA°È; <item> ¤Î¨ä¥Lµ¥µ¥. </itemize> ¦b¤U±ªº³¹¸`¤¤¡M§Ú±N§Q¥Î±z¦b VMS ¤Wªº¸gÅç¡M¤¶²Ð¦p¦ó¦b Linux ¤W§¹¦¨¤W¦Cªº¨C¤@¥ó¨Æ¡C ºn¨Æª«¡G <itemize> <item> ½Ð½T©w Linux ©M X Window ³£¤w¸g¦w¸Ë§¹¥þ; <item> ¦³¤@¦ì¨t²ÎºÞ²zû¥i¥H§@¬°§Þ³N«ü¾É¡C¡]½Ð§ä¥LÌÀ°¦£¡M½Ð¤£n¨Ó§ä§Ú ;-) ¡^; <item> ±z¨t²Î¤Wªº shell ¥i¥H¬O bash ¡]½Ð¸ß°Ý±zªº¨t²ÎºÞ²zû¡^; </itemize> ½Ðª`·N¡M³o¥÷ HOWTO ÁÙ¤£¨¬°÷¨Ï±z¥þ³¡¤F¸Ñ Linux ªººëÅè¡C¦o¥u¥]§t¤F¶È¦³ªº¤@¨Ç¤Jªùªº¥²nª¾ÃÑ¦Ó¤w¡C ±zÀ³¸Ó¾Ç²ß§ó¦hªº Linux ªºª¾ÃÑ¡M¨Ã¥B¥R¤Àªº§Q¥Î¦o¡C(advanced <tt/bash/ features, programming, regular expressions...). ±q²{¦b¶}©l¡MRMP ªº·N«ä¬O `please read the man pages for further details'. ¦b Linux ¤W¡Mman pages ¨ä¹ê´N¬O help ªº·N«ä¡C The Linux Documentation Project ¤å¥ó¥i¥H¦b <url url="ftp://sunsite.unc.edu:/pub/Linux/docs/LDP">, Àò±o¡C¦Ó³o¤]¬O«n°T®§ªº¨Ó·½¡C §Ú«ØÄ³±z¥i¥H¾\Åª¥Ñ Larry Greenfield ¼gªº ``Linux User Guide'' ®Ñ¡C---³o¬O¤@¥»«D±`¾A¦Xªì¾ÇªÌªº¤Jªù®Ñ¡C ²{¦bÅý§ÚÌ¨B¤J¥¿ÃD§a¡G <sect1> «ü¥Oªº¤ñ¸û©MÀÉ®×®æ¦¡ ³oÓªí¦C¥X VMS ©M Linux ¤¤±`¥Îªº«ü¥O¶°¡C½Ð¨c°O¦b¤ß¡M¨ä»yªk¤]±N¤j¤jªº¤£¦P¡C ¸Ô²Ó²Ó¸`½Ð°Ñ¦Ò¬ÛÃö³¹¸`¡C <tscreen><verb> VMS Linux ª`·N¨Æ¶µ(Linux ³¡¥÷) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ @COMMAND command ¥²¶·¥i³Q°õ¦æ COPY file1 file2 cp file1 file2 CREATE/DIR [.dirname] mkdir dirname ¤@¦¸¥u¯à«Ø¤@Ó¥Ø¿ý CREATE/DIR [.dir1.dir2] mkdirhier dir/name DELETE filename rm filename DIFF file1 file2 diff -c file1 file2 DIRECTORY ls DIRECTORY [...]file find . -name file DIRECTORY/FULL ls -al EDIT filename vi filename, ±z¥i¯à¤£·|³ßÅw¨Ï¥Î vi emacs filename, EDT compatible jed filename ditto---my favourite FORTRAN prog.for g77 prog.f, ¤£»Ýn§@ LINK f77 prog.f, fort77 prog.f HELP command man command must specify `command' info command ditto LATEX file.tex latex file.tex LOGIN.COM .bash_profile, `hidden' file .bashrc ditto LOGOUT.COM .bash_logout ditto MAIL mail, ³Ìì©lªº email µ{¦¡ elm, ¤ñ mail ¦n¡C pine ¤£¿ù¡M¦ý¬O³£¥u¯à³B²z¤å¦r¡C PRINT file.ps lpr file.ps PRINT/QUEUE=laser file.ps lpr -Plaser file.ps PHONE user talk user RENAME file1 file2 mv file1 file2 not for multiple files RUN progname progname SEARCH file "pattern" grep pattern file SET DEFAULT [-] cd .. 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<tt/jed/ ¬O¥t¤@ºØÃþ¦ü <tt/EDT/ ªº½s¿è¾¹¡C ³o¨âºØ½s¿è¾¹¥Î¨Ó½s¼gµ{¦¡½X¬Û·íªº¹ê¥Î¡M¦]¬°¦oÌ¦³¨âÓ <tt/EDT/ ¨S¦³ªº¥\¯à¡G °ª«G«×¬ÛÃö¦r¡]syntax hilighting¡^©M¦Û°ÊÁY±Æ¡]automatic indentation¡^¡C ¦Ó¥B¡M±z¥i¥H¤£»Ýn¸õ¥X½s¿è¾¹¡M´N¥i¥Hª½±µ¦b½s¿è¾¹¸Ì½sÄ¶¡]Compile¡^±zªºµ{¦¡¡C (command <tt/ESC-X compile/); ¦pªG¦³»yªk¿ù»~¡M´å¼Ð±N·|¦Û°Ê¸õ¨ì¦³¿ù»~ªº¦a¤è¡C §Ú´±¥´½ä±z±N¤£·|·Q¦A¬Ý¨ì¨º¥u¦³ÂÅ¦âªº <tt/EDT/ ¤F¡C ¦pªG±z¦³ <tt/emacs/: ±Ò°Ê¦o¡MµM«á¿é¤J <tt/ESC-X edt-emulation-on/¡C Áä¤J ALT--X or ESC-X ¥i¥H¸õ¥X <tt/emacs/¡M¹³ <tt/EDT/ ªº CTRL--Z¡C ±q²{¦b¶}©l¡M<tt/emacs/ ´N¹³ <tt/EDT/ ¤@¼Ë¡M°£¤F¤@¨Ç«ü¥O¤£¤Ó¤@¼Ë¡C ¤£¦P³B¡G <itemize> <item> <em/¤£¦æ/ ¨Ï¥Î CTRL--Z ¨Ó°õ¦æ©R¥O¦C«ü¥O¡C (¦pªG±z°µ¤F¡M±zªº emacs ±N·|°±¤î¤u§@¡M ¤£¹L±z¥i¥H¸ÕµÛ¿é¤J <tt/fg/ ¨ÓÄ~Äò±zªº emacs); <item> Emacs ¦³¤j¶qªº½u¤W»¡©ú¡]on-line help¡^¡C«ö CTRL-H ?, ©Î¬O CTRL-H T ±Ò°Ê¡C; <item> ¦sÀÉ¡G CTRL-X CTRL-S; <item> Â÷¶}¡G CTRL-X CTRL-C; <item> ·s¼W¤@ÓÀÉ®×¡G CTRL-X CTRL-F, µM«á CTRL-X B ¥i¥H¦bÓÀÉ®×¤¤§@¤Á´«¡C </itemize> ¦pªG±z¦³ <tt/jed/¡G ¥i¥H½Ð±zªº¨t²ÎºÞ²zû«ê·í¦a³]©w <tt/jed/ ¡C ·í±z±Ò°Ê¦o«á¡M¼ÒÀÀ¾¹´N¤w¸g¦Û°Ê¸ü¤J¡C¥i¥H¨Ï¥Î CTRL--H CTRL--H or CTRL-? ±Ò°Ê½u¤W»¡©ú¡C«ü¥O³¡¥÷¡M¤jP¤W©M <tt/emacs/ ¬Û¦P¡C ¦¹¥~¡M ÁÙ¦³¤@¨Ç©ö©ó¾Þ§@ªº¾Þ§@Áä¨S¦³³Q¸Ëq¦bì¨Óªº <tt/EDT/ ¤¤; 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g77 -c mylib.f </verb></tscreen> ³o·|²£¥Í¥X <tt/mylib.o/ ¡M±z¥i¥H¨Ï¥Î¦o¨Ó³sµ²±zªºµ{¦¡¡C ³Ì«á¡M¦pªGn link ¨ä¥Lªº¨ç¼Æ®w(library)¡M§ÚÌ°²³] <tt/libdummy.so/: <tscreen><verb> $ g77 -o myprog myprog.f -ldummy </verb></tscreen> ¦pªG±z¨Ï¥Î <tt/f2c/, ±z¥u¯à¨Ï¥Î <tt/f77/ ©Î¬O <tt/fort77/ ¡M¦Ó¤£¯à¨Ï¥Î <tt/g77/¡C ¥t¤@Ó¦³¥Îªº¤u¨ã¬O <tt/make/, ¸Ôz¦p¤U¡G <sect1> ¦p¦ó¨Ï¥Î <tt/make/ <tt/make/ ¥i¥H¥Î¨Ó½s¿è«Ü¦h¤À´²©óÓÀÉ®×ªºì©l½X¡C¦b VMS ¤W§ÚÌºÙ¬° <tt>MMS</tt> ©M <tt>MMK</tt>, ¦ý¬O¦oÌ©M Linux ¦³¤£¦Pªº»yªk¡C °²³]±z¦³¤@¨Çì©lµ{¦¡¡M»Ýn§@¨Ç¨Ò¦æµ{§Ç¡Cµ{¦¡¤À§O¬° <tt/file_1.f, file_2.f, file_3.f/, ¥Dµ{¦¡¬° <tt/myprog.f/¡C ¦pªG±z¬O¤â°Ê½sÄ¶±zªºµ{¦¡¡M¨C·í±z×§ï±zªºµ{¦¡½X«á¡M ±z¥²¶·ª¾¹DþÓÀÉ®×©MþÓÀÉ®×¦³Ãö³s¡MþÓÀÉ®×¥²¶·¥ý½sÄ¶¡Mµ¥µ¥¡C »P¨äµoºÆ¡M¤£¦p±z¥i¥H¼gÓ `makefile'¡C ³o¬O¤@Ó¤å¦rÀÉ¡M¸Ì±°O¿ýµÛ±zµ{¦¡½X»Pµ{¦¡½X¤§¶¡ªºÃö³s©Ê¡C ·í¨ä¤¤¤@ÓÀÉ®×³Q×§ï«á¡M¥u¦³»P³oÓ³Q×§ïªºÀÉ®×¦³¬ÛÃöªºÀÉ®×»Ýn³Q«·s½sÄ¶¡C ¨Ò¦p¡M±z¼g¤F¤@Ó makefile ¦p¤U¡G <code> # ³o¬O¤@Ó makefile # ¨Ï¥Î <TAB> Áä¡M·í±z¨£¨ì <TAB> ¼ÐÅÒ®É! # ³o«D±`ªº«n¡M½Ð¤£n¨Ï¥ÎªÅ¥ÕÁä¥N´À¡C myprog: myprog.o file_1.o file_2.o file_3.o <TAB>g77 -o myprog myprog.o file_1.o file_2.o file_3.o # myprog depends on four object files myprog.o: myprog.f <TAB>g77 -c myprog.f # myprog.o depends on its source file file_1.o: file_1.f <TAB>g77 -c file_1.f # file_1.o depends on its source file file_2.o: file_2.f file_1.o <TAB>g77 -c file_2.f file_1.o # file_2.o depends on its source file and an object file file_3.o: file_3.f file_2.o <TAB>g77 -c file_3.f file_2.o # file_3.o depends on its source file and an object file # end of makefile. </code> Àx¦s³oÓÀÉ®×¡M©R¦W¬° <tt/Makefile/ ¥B¦b©R¥O¦C¿é¤J <tt/make/ ¨Ó½sÄ¶±zªºµ{¦¡; ©Î¬O±z¤]¥i¥H±N¦o¦s¦¨ <tt/myprog.mak/ µM«á¨Ï¥Î <tt/make -f myprog.mak/ ¨Ó½sÄ¶. ±µ¤U¨Óªº«áÄò°Ê§@, RMP.¡]ÁÙ°O±o¤°»ò¬O RMP §a¡I¡^ <sect1> Shell Scripts Shell scripts ´N¹³ VMS ¤Wªº command files¡C, ³o¥i¥H«Øºc¥X«D±`¦³¥Îªº¥\¯à¡C n¼g¤@Ó script, ±z©Òn§@ªº´N¥u¬O¼g¤@Ó¥]§t¤@¨Ç«ü¥Oªº¤å¦rÀÉ¡MµM«á¦sÀÉ¡M§ïÅÜ¦¨¥i°õ¦æªº¼Ò¦¡ ¡]¨Ï¥Î <tt/chmod +x <scriptfile>/¡^¡C ¥un¿é¤J¸Ó Script ªº¦W¦r´N¥i¥H°õ¦æ¤F¡C ¼g¤@Ó Script ¬O¤@Ó«D±`«¤jªº¤uµ{¡M³o»Ýn¤@¥»®Ñ¡C³o¸Ì§Ú´N¤£¦A¦h°µ»¡©ú¤F¡C §Ú¥uµ¹±z¤@Ó©Î¦h©Î¤Öªººî¦Xªº¡]§Æ±æ¡^¦³¥Îªº¨Ò¤l¡M±z©Î³\¥i¥H±q³oÓ¨Ò¤l¤¤±o¨ì¤@¨Ç°ò¥»ªº³W«h¡C EXAMPLE: sample.sh <code> #!/bin/sh # sample.sh # I am a comment # ¤£n×§ï²Ä¤@¦æ¡M¦o¥²¶·¥H³oºØ§Î¦¡¦s¦b¦b²Ä¤@¦æ¡I¡I¡I echo "This system is: `uname -a`" # use the output of the command echo "My name is $0" # built-in variables echo "You gave me the following $# parameters: "$* echo "First parameter is: "$1 echo -n "What's your name? " ; read your_name echo notice the difference: "hi $your_name" # quoting with " echo notice the difference: 'hi $your_name' # quoting with ' DIRS=0 ; FILES=0 for file in `ls .` ; do if [ -d ${file} ] ; then # if file is a directory DIRS=`expr $DIRS + 1` # this means DIRS = DIRS + 1 elif [ -f ${file} ] ; then FILES=`expr $FILES + 1` fi case ${file} in *.gif|*jpg) echo "${file}: graphic file" ;; *.txt|*.tex) echo "${file}: text file" ;; *.c|*.f|*.for) echo "${file}: source file" ;; *) echo "${file}: generic file" ;; esac done echo "there are ${DIRS} directories and ${FILES} files" ls | grep "ZxY--!!!WKW" if [ $? != 0 ] ; then # exit code of last command echo "ZxY--!!!WKW not found" fi echo "enough... type 'man bash' if you want more info." </code> <sect1> C »y¨¥<label id="C"> Linux ¬O¤@Ó¼g ¢Ñ»y¨¥ªº¦n¦a¤è¡C´N°²³]±z·|¢Ñ»y¨¥§a¡I³o¸Ì¤]´XÓ«ü¾É¤è°w¡C ½sÄ¶±zªºµ{¦¡<tt/hello.c/ ¡M±z·|¨Ï¥Î¨ì <tt/gcc/ compiler, ³o¤w¬O Linux ªº¤@³¡¥÷¤F¡C ¦Ó¥B©M <tt/g77/ ¦³¬Û¦Pªº¨Ï¥Î¤èªk: <tscreen><verb> $ gcc -O2 -o hello hello.c </verb></tscreen> ³sµ²(link)¨ç¼Æ®w(library)¡M¥[¤J°Ñ¼Æ <tt>-l<libname></tt>¡C ¨Ò¦p¡Mn link ¼Æ¾Ç¨ç¼Æ®w©M³Ì¨Î¤Æ¡M¥i¥H¤U¦p¤U«ü¥O¡G <tscreen><verb> $ gcc -O2 -o mathprog mathprog.c -lm </verb></tscreen> ( <tt>-l<libname></tt> °Ñ¼Æ±j¢ <tt/gcc/ ³sµ²(link)¨ç¼Æ®w(library) <tt>/usr/lib/lib<libname>.a</tt>; ©Ò¥H <tt/-lm/ ´N³sµ²¤F <tt>/usr/lib/libm.a</tt>). ¦pªG±zªºµ{¦¡¬O¥Ñ³\¦hÀÉ®×²Õ¦¨ªº¡M±z¥i¯à¤]»Ýn¨Ï¥Î«e±©Ò´£¨ìªº <tt/make/ ³oÓ¤u¨ã¡C ¦b makefile ¨Ï¥Î <tt/gcc/ ©M ¢Ñ»y¨¥ªºì©l½XÀÉ®×´N¥i¥H¤F¡C ±z¤]¥i¥HÀò±o¦³Ãö C »y¨¥ªº¨ç¼Æªº»¡©ú¡C³o¨Ç»¡©ú¤å¥ó³£¤w¸g³Q½s¦¨ man pages¡M²Ä¤T¸`(section 3) ¤F¡C ¨Ò¦p: <tscreen><verb> $ man 3 printf </verb></tscreen> ¦P®É¡M¦³³\³\¦h¦hªº¨ç¼Æ®w¥i¨Ñ¨Ï¥Î¡C¨ä¤¤±z²Ä¤@·Qn¨Ï¥Îªº¬O <tt/ncurses/, ³o¥i¥H¥Î¨Ó³B²z¤å¦r¼Ò¦¡¤Uªº¯S®Ä¡C©Î¬O <tt/svgalib/, ³o¥i¥H¥Î¨Ó³B²z¹Ï§Î¼Ò¦¡¡C <sect> ¹Ï§Î¬É± <label id="Graphics"> ¦b³\¦h¹Ï§Î®M¥ó¤¤¡M<tt/gnuplot/ ¯u¬O¨ä¤¤¤§Â¼·¡¡C¶i¤J X Window «á¿é¤J <tt/gnuplot/, ¥i¬OµÛÅª¤J¨âÓ½d¨ÒÀÉ: <tt/2D-data.dat/ (¨C¦æ¦³¨âµ§¸ê®Æ), ©M <tt/3D-data.dat/ (¨C¦æ¦³¤Tµ§¸ê®Æ). ¨Ò¡G2-D graphs: <tscreen><verb> gnuplot> set title "my first graph" gnuplot> plot '2D-data.dat' gnuplot> plot '2D-data.dat' with linespoints gnuplot> plot '2D-data.dat', sin(x) gnuplot> plot [-5:10] '2D-data.dat' </verb></tscreen> ¨Ò¡G3-D graphs (¨C¤@¦æ¤¤ªº¸ê®Æ¥HªÅ¥ÕÁä³Ì¬°¤À¹j): <tscreen><verb> gnuplot> set parametric ; set hidden3d ; set contour gnuplot> splot '3D-data.dat' using 1:2:3 with linespoints </verb></tscreen> ¥u¦³¤@¦æ¸ê®ÆªºÀÉ®×(¦p®É¶¡§Ç¦C)¤]¥i¥H³QÃ¸»s¦¨ 2-D ªº¹Ï§Î¡G <tscreen><verb> gnuplot> plot [-5:15] '2D-data-1col.dat' with linespoints </verb></tscreen> ©Î¬OÃ¸¦¨ 3-D graph : <tscreen><verb> gnuplot> set noparametric ; set hidden3d gnuplot> splot '3D-data-1col.dat' using 1 with linespoints </verb></tscreen> ¦C¦L¹Ï§Î¡G°²³]±zªº Postscript ¦Cªí¾÷ªº«ü¥O¬O <tt/lpr -Pps file.ps/¡M¨BÆJ¦p¤U: <tscreen><verb> gnuplot> set term post gnuplot> set out '| lpr -Pps' gnuplot> replot </verb></tscreen> µM«á¿é¤J <tt/set term x11/ ¦^´_¦¨ x11 ¼Ò¦¡¡C §OÃhºÃ¡M·í±zÂ÷¶} <tt/gnuplot/ «á¡M¤å¥ó±N·|¦Û°Ê¦C¦L¥X¨Ó¡C §ó¦h°T®§¡M¥i¿é¤J <tt/help/ ©Î¬O°Ñ¨£¥Ø¿ý¤¤ªº½d¨Ò¡C ¡]<tt>/usr/lib/gnuplot/demos/</tt>¡^ <sect> Mail ©M Internet ¤u¨ã <label id="Mail and Internet Tools"> ¦]¬°ºô¸ô¬O½Ï¥Í¦b Unix ªº¾÷¾¹¤W¡M±z¥i¥H¦b Linux ¤Wµo²{³\¦h¦n¥Î¥B©ö¤W¤âªº³nÅé¡C ªÌ¸Ì©Ò¦C¡M¥u¬O¨ä¤¤ªº¤@³¡¥÷¦Ó¤w¡G <itemize> <item> <bf/Mail/: ¨Ï¥Î <tt/elm/ ©Î¬O <tt/pine/ ¨Ó³B²z±zªº email; ³o¨âÓÀ³¥Îµ{¦¡³£¦³½u¤W»¡©ú(Online Help)¡C ¹ï©ó¸ûµuªº°T®§¡M±z¥i¯à¨Ï¥Î <tt/mail/, ¦p <tt/mail -s "hello mate" user@somewhere < msg.txt/. ±z¥i¯à·|·R¤W¹³ <tt/xmail/ ³o¼ËªºÀ³¥Îµ{¦¡¡M©Î¬OÃþ¦üªºµ{¦¡¡C <item> <bf/Newsgroups/: ¥i¨Ï¥Î <tt/tin/ ©Î¬O <tt/slrn/, ¨âªÌ³£¬Oª½Ä±¦¡¡M¥B¦Û§Ú¸ÑÅª(self-explanatory). <item> <bf/ftp/: ±ý²æÂ÷¤å¦r¬É±ªº <tt/ftp/ À³¥Îµ{¦¡, n¨D±zªº¨t²ÎºÞ²zû¦w¸Ë¥þ¿Ã¹õ(full-screen)¼Ò¦¡ªº ftp ³nÅé¡M¦p <tt/ncftp/ ¡M ©Î¬O¹Ï§Î¬É±ªº <tt/xftp/. <item> <bf/WWW/: ´¶¹M¦s¦bªº <tt/netscape/, ©Î¬O <tt/xmosaic/, <tt/chimera/, ©M <tt/arena/ ³£¬O¹Ï§Î¬É±ªºÂsÄý¾¹¡C¥t¥~ÁÙ¦³¤@Ó¤å¦r¬É±ªºÂsÄý¾¹ <tt/lynx/, «D±`ªº§Ö³t¦Ó¥B¤S¦³®Ä²v¡C </itemize> <sect> ¶i¶¥ <label id="Advanced Topics"> ¨ì³oÓ¶¥¬q¡M¹CÀ¸´N¤ñ¸û½ÆÂø¤F¡C¾Ç§¹³o¨ÇªF¦è¡M±z´N¥i¥H»¡¡M§ÚÀ´¤@¨Ç Linux ªºªF¦è ;-) <sect1> ¤¹³\Åv(Permissions) ¤Î ©Ò¦³Åv(Ownership) <label id="Permissions"> ÀÉ®×©M¥Ø¿ý³£¦³¤¹³\Åv(Permission) (§Y VMS ¤Wªº `protections') ©M©Ò¦³Åv(ownership), ³oÓÆ[©À¤£Ãø²z¸Ñ¡M¦]¬° VMS ¤W¤]¦³¡C¦pªG±z¤£¯à°õ¦æ¤@°¦µ{¦¡¡M©Î¬O±z¤£¯à×§ï¬Y¤@ÀÉ®×¡M ©Î¬O¤£¯à¶i¤J¬Y¥Ø¿ý¡M³o¬O¦]¬°±z¨S¦³³Q½á¤©¨Ï¥Î³o¨Ç¸ê·½ªºÅv¤OªºÃö«Y¡]¨S¦³¤¹³\Åv¡^¡M ©ÎªÌ¬O³oÓÀÉ®×ªº®Ú¥»´N¤£ÄÝ©ó±zªº¡]¨S¦³©Ò¦³Åv¡^¡M Åý§ÚÌ¬Ý¬Ý¤U±ªº¨Ò¤l§a¡G <tscreen><verb> $ ls -l /bin/ls -rwxr-xr-x 1 root bin 27281 Aug 15 1995 /bin/ls* </verb></tscreen> ²Ä¤@ÓÄæ¦ìÅã¥Ü¥X³oÓÀÉ®×ªº¨Ï¥ÎÅv <tt/ls/ (¾Ö¦³ªÌ(owner) ¬O root, ¸s²Õ(group) ¬O bin). ¾Ö¦³Åv¥i¥H¤À¦¨¤TºØ¼Ò¦¡: ¾Ö¦³ªÌ(owner), ¸s²Õ(group), ©M ¨ä¥L¨Ï¥ÎªÌ(others)¡C ¡]©M VMS ªº owner, group, world ¬Û¦ü¡^¡F¦³¤TºØ¤£¦Pªº¤¹³\Åv(permissions): Åª(read), ¼g(write) (¥]§t²¾°£(delete)), ©M°õ¦æ(execute). ±q¥ª¨ì¥k¡M<tt/-/ ¬OÀÉ®×¼Ò¦¡ (<tt/-/ = ¤@¯ëÀÉ®×(ordinary file), <tt/d/ = ¥Ø¿ý(directory), <tt/l/ = ³sµ²(link), µ¥); <tt/rwx/ ¬O¤¹³\ÀÉ®×¾Ö¦³ªÌ¥i¥H¹ï¸ÓÀÉ®×§@Åª¡M¼g¡M©M°õ¦æªº°Ê§@¡F <tt/r-x/ ¬O¤¹³\¸s²Õ¨Ï¥ÎªÌ¥i¥H¹ï¸ÓÀÉ®×§@Åª©M°õ¦æªº°Ê§@¡M¦ý¬O¤£¥i¥H§@¼gªº°Ê§@¡C¡F <tt/r-x/ ¬O¨î¨ä¥Lªº¨Ï¥ÎªÌ¹ï¸ÓÀÉ®×¥u¦³Åª©M°õ¦æªºÅv¡M«o¨S¦³¼gªºÅv¡C ¦p¦ó§ïÅÜÀÉ®×ªº¨Ï¥ÎÅv¡G <tscreen><verb> $ chmod <whoXperm> <file> </verb></tscreen> ¨ä¤¤ who ¬O <tt/u/ (user¡]¨Ï¥ÎªÌ¡^, §YÀÉ®×ªº¾Ö¦³ªÌ), <tt/g/ (¸s²Õ group), <tt/o/ (¨ä¥L other), X ªí¥Ü¥i¥H¬° <tt/+/ ©Î <tt/-/, perm ¥i¥H¬° <tt/r/ (Åª read), <tt/w/ (¼g write), ©Î¬O <tt/x/ (¥i°õ¦æ execute). Á|¨Ò»¡©ú¡G <tscreen><verb> $ chmod u+x file </verb></tscreen> ³o¬O°w¹ï¸ÓÀÉ®×¡M¶}©ñ¥i°õ¦æªºÅvµ¹¸ÓÀÉ®×ªº¾Ö¦³ªÌ¡C¥iÁY¼g¦¨¡G <tt/chmod +x file/. <tscreen><verb> $ chmod go-wx file </verb></tscreen> ³o¬O¹ï¸ÓÀÉ®×¡M²¾°£¸s²Õ¨Ï¥ÎªÌ©M¨ä¥L¨Ï¥ÎªÌ¹ï¸ÓÀÉ®×ªº¡§¼g¡¨ªºÅv©M¡§°õ¦æ¡¨ªºÅv¡C <tscreen><verb> $ chmod ugo+rwx file </verb></tscreen> ³o¬O¶}©ñ¸ÓÀÉ®×ªºÅª¡M¼g¡M©M°õ¦æªºÅvµ¹©Ò¦³ªº¨Ï¥ÎªÌ¡C ¥t¤@Ó§Ö³tªí¥Üªk¬°¨Ï¥Î¤@²Õ¼Æ¦r¡G<tt/rwxr-xr-x/ ¥i¥H¥Î 755 ¨Óªí¥Ü (¨C¤@¦ì¼Æ¦r¹ïÀ³¤@Ó±±¨î¦ì¤¸: <tt/---/ ªí¬O 0, <tt/--x/ ªí¥Ü 1, <tt/-w-/ ªí¥Ü 2...). ©Ò¥H¡Mrwx = 4+2+1 = 7¡Mr-x = 4+0+1 = 5¡M©Ò¥H¡M<tt/rwxr-xr-x/ ¥i¥H¥Î 755 ¨Óªí¥Ü¡C ¹ï¥Ø¿ý¦Ó¨¥¡M<tt/rx/ ªí¥Ü±z¥i¥H¤Á´«¨ì¸Ó¥Ø¿ý¡G <tt/cd/ , ¦Ó <tt/w/ ªí¥Ü±z¥i¥H§R°£¸Ó¥Ø¿ýªºÀÉ®×(·íµM»Ýnµø¸ÓÀÉ®×ªº¨Ï¥ÎÅv¦Ó©w), ©Î¬O¥Ø¿ý¥»¨. ³o¨ÇÁÙ¥u¬O¦B¤sªº¤@¨¤¦Ó¤w¡M·Qnª¾¹D§ó¦h---RMP. ¦p¦ó§ïÅÜÀÉ®×ªº¾Ö¦³Åv¡G <tscreen><verb> $ chown username file </verb></tscreen> §Ú¾ã²z¦¨¤Uªí¡G <tscreen><verb> VMS Linux Notes ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ SET PROT=(O:RW) file.txt $ chmod u+rw file.txt $ chmod 600 file.txt SET PROT=(O:RWED,W) file $ chmod u+rwx file $ chmod 700 file SET PROT=(O:RWED,W:RE) file $ chmod 755 file SET PROT=(O:RW,G:RW,W) file $ chmod 660 file SET FILE/OWNER_UIC=JOE file $ chown joe file SET DIR/OWNER_UIC=JOE [.dir] $ chown joe dir/ </verb></tscreen> <sect1> ¦h¤u(Multitasking): µ{§Ç(Processes) ©M ¤u§@(Jobs) <label id="Multitasking"> ±ý°õ¦æ«Ü¦hµ{¦¡¡M¦b Linux ¤W¨S¦³©Ò¿×ªº `batch queues' ; ¦h¤u¨ä¹ê¥H«D±`¤£¤@¼Ëªº¤âªk³B²z¡C ¥H¤U¬O¤@¯ë±`¨£ªº©R¥O¦C¡G <tscreen><verb> $ command -s1 -s2 ... -sn par1 par2 ... parn < input > output & </verb></tscreen> ¨ä¤¤ <tt>-s1</tt>, ..., <tt>-sn</tt> ¬O¸Óµ{¦¡ªº°Ñ¼Æ¡]switch¡^, <tt/par1/, ..., <tt/parn/ ¬Oµ{¦¡ªº¿é¤JÅÜ¼Æ(parameters). ²{¦bÅý§ÚÌ¨Ó¬Ý¬Ý¦b Linux ¤W¦p¦ó¦h¤u¡Cµ{§Ç¡]processes¡^¬O¤@°¦¤£½×¦b«e´º©Î¬OI´º³Q°õ¦æªºµ{¦¡¡C <itemize> <item> ¦bI´º°õ¦æµ{§Ç: <tscreen><verb> $ progname [-switches] [parameters] [< input] [> output] & [1] 234 </verb></tscreen> shell ·|´£¥Ü±z¸Óµ{§Ç(process)ªº¤u§@¸¹½X¡]`job number'¡^ (²Ä¤@Ó¼Æ¦r; ½Ð¬Ý¤U¤å) ©M¸Óµ{§Çªºµ{§ÇÃÑ§O½X PID (Process IDentifier). ¨C¤@Óµ{§Ç³£¦³¤@²Õ¿W¤@µL¤Gªº PID. <item> ÀËµø¦³¦h¤Ö Processes ³Q°õ¦æ¡G <tscreen><verb> $ ps -ax </verb></tscreen> ³o·|¿é¥X¤@¤j¦ê¥¿¦b°õ¦æªºµ{§Ç(processes)¡C <item> ±þ±¼µ{§Ç¡G <tscreen><verb> $ kill <PID> </verb></tscreen> ¦pªG±z¤£ª¾¹Dn¦p¦ó¥¿½Tªº²×¤î¬Y¤@Óµ{§Ç¡M³o®É±z¥i¯à´Nn¤â°Ê§âµ{§Çµ¹±þ¦º³á¡I... ;-). ¦³¨Ç®ÉÔ¡M¤@Óµ{§Ç¥u¯à³Q¤U¦C¤@Ó«ü¥O±þ¦º¡G <tscreen><verb> $ kill -15 <PID> $ kill -9 <PID> </verb></tscreen> </itemize> ªþ±a¤@´£¡MSell ¤¹³\±z°±¤î©Î¬O¼È®É°±¤î¤@Óµ{§Ç¡M±Nµ{§Ç°e¨ìI´º¤u§@¡M©Î¬O±Nµ{§Ç±qI´º±a¨ì«e´º¡C ¦b³o¸Ì¡Mµ{§Ç(processes)§ÚÌºÙ¤§¬°¤u§@(`jobs'). <itemize> <item> ÀËµø¦³¦h¤Ö¤u§@¡]jobs¡^¥¿¦b°õ¦æ¡G <tscreen><verb> $ jobs </verb></tscreen> ¤u§@(jobs)¬O¥Ñ Shell µ¹ªº¤u§@¸¹½X¡]job number¡^¨Ó§@°Ï§O¡Mª`·N¡M¤£¬O PID ³á. <item> ²×¤î¦b«e´º¤u§@ªºµ{§Ç(processes): <tscreen><verb> $ CTRL-C </verb></tscreen> (¤£¤@©w¨C¤@¦¸«µ®Ä) <item> ¼È°±¦b«e´º¤u§@ªºµ{§Ç(process): <tscreen><verb> $ CTRL-Z </verb></tscreen> (¦P¤W) <item> ±N¼È°±ªºµ{§ÇÂà´«¦¨I´º¤u§@(background jobs): <tscreen><verb> $ bg <job> </verb></tscreen> <item> ±NI´º¤u§@±a¨ì«e´º: <tscreen><verb> $ fg <job> </verb></tscreen> <item> ±þ±¼¤@Ó¤u§@(job): <tscreen><verb> $ kill <%job> </verb></tscreen> </itemize> <sect1> ¦b³XÀÉ®×(files) §ó¦h¦³ÃöÀÉ®×ªº°T®§¡C <itemize> <item> <bf/stdin, stdout, stderr/: ¦b UNIX ¤¤¡M¥ô¦ó¤@Ó¨t²Î¤¸¥ó³£³Qµø¬°¬O¤@ÓÀÉ®×¡C «ü¥O©Î¬OÀ³¥Îµ{¦¡Åª¤J¤@Ó©Ò¿×¼Ð·Ç¿é¤JªºÀÉ®×¡]<tt/stdin/¡G³q±`¬°Áä½L¡^¡M ¿é¥Xµ²ªG¨ì©Ò¿×¼Ð·Ç¿é¥XªºÀÉ®×¡]<tt/stdout/ ¡G³q¦¨¬°¿Ã¹õ¡^¡M¦Ó¿ù»~¿é¥X¤]¬O¿é¥X¨ì¤@ÓÀÉ®×¡M §ÚÌºÙ¤§¬° <tt/stderr/ (³q±`¤]¬O¿Ã¹õ). ¨Ï¥Î <tt/</ ©M <tt/>/ ¡M±z¥i¥H±N¿é¥X©M¿é¤J«·s¾É¦V¨ì¥t¥~¤@ÓÀÉ®×¡C µM¦Ó¡M <tt/>>/ ¬O±Nµ²ªGªþ¥[¨ìÀÉ®×ªºÀÉ§À¡M¦Ó¤£¬OÂÐ»\ì¨ÓªºÀÉ®×¡C; <tt/2>/ «¾É¿ù»~°T®§(stderr); 2>&1 «¾É¿ù»~°T®§¨ì¼Ð·Ç¿é¥X, ¦Ó 1>&2 «h¬O«¾É¼Ð·Ç¿é¥X¨ì¿ù»~¿é¥X¡C ¦³¤@Ó¶Â¬}¡]`black hole'¡^¥s°µ <tt>/dev/null</tt>: ©Ò¦³¾É¨ì³oÓÀÉ®×ªºªF¦è¡M ³£±N®ø¥¢ªºµL¼vµLÂÜ¡C <item> <bf/wildcards/: ¸U¥Î¦r¤¸ '<tt/*/' ¦³¬Û¦Pªº¥\¯à¡C¥Îªk: * ²Å¦X©Ò¦³ÀÉ®×¡M°£¤FÁôÂÃÀÉ¥H¥~¡C .* ²Å¦X©Ò¦³ÁôÂÃÀÉ; *.* ²Å¦X¥u¦³¤@ÓÂI '.' ¦b¤¤¶¡ªºÀÉ®×¡C¸òÀHµÛ¨ä¥L¦r¤¸¡G p*r ªí¥Ü `peter' ©Î¬O `piper' ³£¦³¥i¯à; *c* ¥i¯à²Å¦X `picked' ©Î¬O `peck'¡C '<tt/%/' ´«¦¨ '<tt/?/'¡C ÁÙ¦³¥t¥~¤@ºØ¸U¥Î¦r¤¸¡G<tt/[]/. ¥Îªk: <tt/[abc]*/ ªí¥ÜÀÉ®×¥²¶·¥H¦r¤¸ a, b, c ³Ì¬°¶}ÀY; <tt/*[I-N,1,2,3]/ ªí¥ÜÀÉ®×¦WºÙ¥Ñ I, J, K, L, M, N, 1, 2, 3 §@¬°µ²§À¡C <item> <tt/mv/ (<tt/«·s©R¦W/) ¤£¥i¥H¤@¦¸¦hÓÀÉ®×¡C§Y <tt/mv *.xxx *.yyy/ ±N¤£·|°õ¦æ¦¨¥\; <item> ¨Ï¥Î <tt/cp -i/ ©M <tt/mv -i/ ¥i¥H´£¿ô±z¬O§_nÂÐ»\¥H¦s¦bªºÀÉ®×¡C </itemize> <sect1> ¦C¦L¦î¦C <label id="Print Queues"> ´N¹³ VMS ¡M¦C¦L¤u§@·|¥ý³Q©ñ¨ì¦î¦C·í¤¤(queues)¡M·í±z¤U¦C¦L«ü¥Oªº®ÉÔ¡M±z©Î³\·|«ü©w¦Cªí¾÷ªº¦WºÙ¡C ¨Ò¦p¡G <tscreen><verb> $ lpr file.txt # ³o±N«ü¥Î¨ì¹w³]ªº¦Cªí¾÷ $ lpr -Plaser file.ps # ³o±N¨Ï¥Î¦W¬° 'laser' ªº¦Cªí¾÷ </verb></tscreen> ³B²z¦C¦L¦î¦C(print queues), ±z¥i¯à»Ýn¤U¦C«ü¥O¡G <tscreen><verb> VMS Linux ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ $ PRINT file.ps $ lpr file.ps $ PRINT/QUEUE=laser file.ps $ lpr -Plaser file.ps $ SHOW QUEUE $ lpq $ SHOW QUEUE/QUEUE=laser $ lpq -Plaser $ STOP/QUEUE $ lprm <item> </verb></tscreen> <sect> ³]©w <label id="Configuring"> ±zªº¨t²ÎºÞ²zû¤w¸g´£¨Ñ±z¤@¨Ç²ÕºA³]©wÀÉ¡M¦p¡G <tt/.xinitrc/, <tt/.bash_profile/, <tt/.inputrc/, µ¥µ¥¡C ¨ä¤¤±z·Qn½s¿èªº¬O¡G <itemize> <item> <tt/ .bash_profile/ ©Î¬O <tt/.profile/: ¦b login ®É¡M³oÓÀÉ®×´N³Q Shell µ¹Åª¶i¨Ó¤F¡C´N¹³ VMS ¤Wªº <tt/LOGIN.COM/; <item> <tt/ .bash_logout/: ·ínµn¥Xªº®ÉÔ¡MÅª¨ú³oÓÀÉ®×¡C³o´N¹³ VMS ¤Wªº <tt/LOGOUT.COM/; <item> <tt/ .bashrc/: ³Q non--login shells Åª¨ú. <item> <tt/ .inputrc/: ³oÓÀÉ®×¥i¥H©w°µ¤@²Õ¦XÁä©M³]©w shell ªº¦æ¬°¡C </itemize> §Ú±N¥H§Úªº <tt/.bash_profile/ ³Ì¬°¹ê¨Ò¡C <code> # $HOME/.bash_profile # ¦pªG¤£»Ýn¡M½Ð¤£n«·s©w¸q $PATH ÅÜ¼Æ¡C echo $PATH | grep $LOGNAME > /dev/null if [ $? != 0 ] then export PATH="$PATH:/home/$LOGNAME/bin" # add my dir to the PATH fi export PS1='LOGNAME:\w\$ ' export PS2='Continued...>' # aliases §O¦W alias bin="cd ~/bin" ; alias cp="cp -i" ; alias d="dir" alias del="delete" ; alias dir="/bin/ls $LS_OPTIONS --format=vertical" alias ed="jed" ; alias mv='mv -i' alias u="cd .." ; alias undel="undelete" # A few useful functions ¤@¨Ç¦³¥Îªº¨ç¼Æ¡I»Å¡I inst() # Install a .tar.gz archive in current directory. { gzip -dc $1 | tar xvf - } cz() # List the contents of a .zip archive. { unzip -l $* } ctgz() # List the contents of a .tar.gz archive. { for file in $* ; do gzip -dc ${file} | tar tf - done } tgz() # Create a .tgz archive a la zip. { name=$1 ; tar -cvf $1 ; shift tar -rf ${name} $* ; gzip -S .tgz ${name} } </code> ³o¬O§Úªº <tt/.inputrc/: <code> # $HOME/.inputrc # ¤W¦¸×§ï¤é´Á: 16 January 1997. # # ¥H¤U¬Oµù¸Ñ¡M»¡©ú³oÓ Script ªº¥Î·N¡C # This file is read by bash and defines key bindings to be used by the shell; # what follows fixes the keys END, HOME, and DELETE, plus accented letters. # For more information, man readline. "\e[1~": beginning-of-line "\e[3~": delete-char "\e[4~": end-of-line set bell-style visible set meta-flag On set convert-meta Off set output-meta On set horizontal-scroll-mode On set show-all-if-ambiguous On # (F1 .. F5) are "\e[[A" ... "\e[[E" "\e[[A": "info " </code> <sect> ¦³¥Îªºµ{¦¡ <label id="Useful Programs"> <sect1> ÂsÄýÀÉ®×: <tt/less/ ±z±N·|»Ýn¨C¤Ñ¨Ï¥Î³oÓÀÉ®×ÂsÄý¾¹¡C©Ò¥H§Ú±Nµ¹±z¤@¨Ç¯¦ÓDÅý±z¯à¦n¦nªº§Q¥Î³oÓ¤u¨ã¡C º¥ý¡Mn¨D±zªº¨t²ÎºÞ²zû³o©w <tt/less/ ¨Ï¦o¤£¥u¥i¥HÅã¥Ü¤å¦rÀÉ¡M§ó¥i¥HÀ£ÁYÀÉ®×¤å¥ó¡Mµ¥¡C ´N¹³²{¦bª©¥»ªº <tt>TYPE</tt>, <tt/less/ ¥i¥HÅý±zÂsÄý±z¥Ø«e¥Ø¿ý¤UªºÀÉ®×¡C ¦o¦P®É¤]¥i¥H±µ¨ü³\¦hÃB¥~¥ÑÁä½L¿é¤Jªº«öÁä«ü¥O¡M¤ñ¸û¦³¥Îªº¬O¡G <itemize> <item> ²Ä¤@, «ö¤U <tt/q/ ¥i¥HÂ÷¶}ÀÉ®×ÂsÄý; <item> <tt/h/ ´£¨Ñ±z³\¦hªº½u¤W»¡©ú; <item> <tt/g/ ¸õ¨ìÀÉÀY, <tt/G/ ²¾¦ÜÀÉ§À, ¼Æ¦r n ¥[ <tt/g/ ªí¥Ü¨ì§Ì n ¦æ¡C(¨Ò¦p <tt/125g/), ¼Æ¦r¥[ <tt/%/ ªí¥Ü¤@¨ì¸ÓÀÉ®×¤§¦Ê¤À¤ñ¤j¤pªº¦a¤è; <item> <tt>/pattern</tt> ¦V¤U·j´M `pattern'; <tt/n/ ¦V¤U·j´M¤Uµ§¸ê®Æ; <tt>?pattern</tt> ©M <tt/N/ ªí¥Ü¦V¤W´M§ä¡C <item> <tt/m/+letter ¼Ð¥Ü¥Ø«e¦a¤è (¦p <tt/ma/); <tt/'/+letter ¨ì³Q¼Ð¥Üªº¦a¤è. <item> <tt/:e/ ÀË¬d·sÀÉ®×; <item> <tt/!command/ °õ¦æ©R¥O¦CÀÉ®×. </itemize> <sect1> ¦b Linux ¤Uªºª©¥»³Æ¥÷ <label id="Numbered Backups Under Linux"> ü, Linux ¨Ã¨S¦³´£¨ÑÀÉ®×ª©¥»ªº¥\¯à¡C¦ý¬O±z¥i¥H¥Î¨âºØµoªk¸Ñ¨M³oÓ°ÝÃD¡C ²Ä¤@¡M¨Ï¥Î RCS, ª©¥»ºÞ²z¨t²Î¡]the Revision Control System¡^, ¦o¥i¥HÅý±zºÞ²z¥ý«eªºÀÉ®×ª©¥»¡CRCS ¥i¥H¦b ``The RCS MINI-HOWTO'' (<url url="http://sunsite.unc.edu/mdw/HOWTO/mini/RCS.html">) ¤¤§ä¨ì. ²Ä¤GºØ¤èªk¡M¨Ï¥Îª¾¹D¦p¦ó³B²zª©¥»½s¸¹ªº½s¿è¾¹¡G<tt>emacs</tt> ©M <tt>jed</tt> ³£¦³³oÓ¥\¯à¡C ¦b <tt>emacs</tt>, ¦b <tt>.emacs</tt> ¨º¥[¤J¤U¦C´X¦æ: <tscreen><verb> (setq version-control t) (setq kept-new-versions 15) ;;; or any other value (setq kept-old-versions 15) (setq backup-by-copying-when-linked t) (setq backup-by-copying-when-mismatch t) </verb></tscreen> ¦pªG¨Ï¥Î <tt>jed</tt>, ½Ð½T©w±zªºª©¥»¦b 0.98.7 ¥H¤W; ¦oªº§ó·sÀÉ¡M¥i¥H¨Ï¨ä¤ä´©¼Æ¦rª©¥»³Æ¥÷¡C ¬ÛÃö¤å¥ó¥i¥H¦b <tt> <url url="http://ibogeo.df.unibo.it/guido/slang/backups.sl"> </tt> ¤¤§ä¨ì. <sect1> ÀÉ®×À]¡]Archiving¡^: tar & gzip ¦b UNIX ¸Ì¡M¦³¤@¨Ç±`¥Î¨ìªºÀ³¥Îµ{¦¡¨Ó¶°¤¤ºÞ²z¤ÎÀ£ÁYÀÉ®×¡C <tt/tar/ ¥i¥H¥Î¨Ó¥]«ÊÀÉ®×¡C±ý¥]«ÊÀÉ®×¥i¥Î¤U¦C«ü¥O¡C <tscreen><verb> $ tar -cvf <archive_name.tar> <file> [file...] </verb></tscreen> ¸Ñ¶}¥]«ÊÀÉ®×¥i¥Î¡G <tscreen><verb> $ tar -xpvf <archive_name.tar> [file...] </verb></tscreen> ¦C®Ñ¥]«ÊÀÉ®×¤¤©Ò¦³ªºÀÉ®×¡G <tscreen><verb> $ tar -tf <archive_name.tar> | less </verb></tscreen> ¥i¥H¨Ï¥Î <tt/compress/ ©Î¬O <tt/gzip/ ¨ÓÀ£ÁYÀÉ«ö¥H¸`¬ÙµwºÐªÅ¶¡: <tscreen><verb> $ compress <file> $ gzip <file> </verb></tscreen> ¦pªG¨Ï¥Î <tt/compress/ ¨ÓÀ£ÁYÀÉ®×¡M¦o¬°À°±z²£¥Í°ÆÀÉ¦W¬° .Z ªºÀ£ÁYÀÉ¡M¦Ó <tt/gzip/ «h¬O¥H .gz ¬°°ÆÀÉ¦W¡C ³o¨ÇÀ³¥Îµ{¦¡¨Ã¤£¯à¥Î¨Ó¥]«ÊÀÉ®×¡M¦ý¬O¥i¥H¥Î¨ÓÀ£ÁYÀÉ®×¡C¸ÑÀ£ÁY¥i¥Î¡G <tscreen><verb> $ compress -d <file.Z> $ gzip -d <file.gz> </verb></tscreen> ¸Ô²Ó±¡§Î¡M½Ð RMP. ¦¹¥~¡M<tt/unarj/, <tt/zip/ ©M <tt/unzip/ ¨Ç¤u¨ã¤]¥i¥H§Q¥Î¡C ÀÉ®×ªº°ÆÀÉ¦W¦pªG¬O <tt/.tar.gz/ ©Î¬O <tt/.tgz/ (ªí¥Ü³o¬O¤@Ó«Ê¸ËÀÉ®× <tt/tar/, µM«á¡M ¨Ï¥Î <tt/gzip/) À£ÁY³nÅé¦AÀ£ÁY¦Ó¦¨ªº¡C¦b UNIX ªº¥@¬É¡M³oºØ®æ¦¡±`±`·|·|¨£¨ì¡C ¥H¤U¬O¥Ü½d¦p¦ó¹î¬Ý <tt/.tar.gz/ ÀÉ¤ºªº¤º®e¡C <tscreen><verb> $ tar -ztf <file.tar.gz> | less </verb></tscreen> ¥H¤U¬O¥Ü½d¦p¦ó¸Ñ¶} <tt/.tar.gz/ ÀÉ: <tscreen><verb> $ tar -zxf <file.tar.gz> </verb></tscreen> <sect> À³¥Î <label id="Examples"> UNIX ªº¥Dn´n©À¬O§Æ±æ³z¹LºÞ½u(piping)©M«¾É(redirection)ªºÆ[©À±N©Ò¦³Â²³æªº«ü¥O¦ê³s°_¨Ó¦Ó¥i¥H¨¬°÷À³¥I¯u¹ê¥Í¬¡¤W©Ò¦³½ÆÂøªº¤u§@¡C Åý§ÚÌ¨Ó¬Ý¬Ý¤U±ªº¨Ò¤l¡M§Ú±N¥u¸ÑÄÀ¤ñ¸û½ÆÂøªº¨Ò¤l¡F¨ä¥LÂ²³æªº¨Ò¤l¡M½Ð§Q¥Î¤W±§Ú©Ò¤¶²ÐªºÆ[©À©M»¡©ú¤å¥ó(man pages)¡M¬Û«H±z¤@©w¥i¥H«Ü§Öªº¶i¤J±¡ªp¡C <bf/°ÝÃD/: ¦pªG¥u¨Ï¥Î <tt/ls/ ³oÓ«ü¥O¨ÓÅã¥ÜÀÉ®×¡M¦pªGÀÉ®×¤Ó¦hªº¸Ü¡M±`±`´N¤@¸¦Ó³u¡MÁÙ¨Ó¤£¤Î¬Ý§¹¡Mµ²ªG´N³Q±²¤W¥h¤F¡G <bf/¸Ñ¨M¤è®×/: <tscreen><verb> $ ls | less </verb></tscreen> <bf/°ÝÃD/: §Ú¦³¤@ÓÀÉ®×¡M¸Ì±¥]§t¤F³\¦h¤å¦r¡M§Ú·Q±N¤§¤Ï¦V±Æ§Ç«á¦C¦L¥X¨Ó¡G <bf/¸Ñ¨M¤è®×/: <tscreen><verb> $ cat myfile.txt | sort -r | lpr </verb></tscreen> <bf/°ÝÃD/: §Úªº¸ê®ÆÀÉ¤º¦³³\¦h«½Æªº¸ê®Æ¡M§Ún¦p¦ó§R°£«½Æªº¸ê®Æ©O¡H <bf/¸Ñ¨M¤è®×/: <tscreen><verb> $ sort datafile.dat | uniq > newfile.dat </verb></tscreen> <bf/°ÝÃD/: §Ú¦³¤@Ó¥s°µ 'mypaper.txt' ©Î¬O 'mypaper.tex' ªºÀÉ®×¡M©Î¬OÃþ¦ü³o¼ËªºÀÉ®×¦WºÙ¡M¦ý¬O§Ú§Ñ°O§Ú±N¦oÌ¦s©ñ¦b¤°»ò¦a¤è¤F¡M§Ún¦p¦ó§ä¨ì¦oÌ©O¡H <bf/¸Ñ¨M¤è®×/: <tscreen><verb> $ find ~ -name "mypaper*" </verb></tscreen> »¡©ú: <tt/find/ ¬O¤@Ó«D±`¦³¥Îªº«ü¥O¡M¦o¥i¥H¦C¥X¾ðª¬¥Ø¿ý¤Uªº©Ò¦³ÀÉ®×¡M(¦b¥»¨Ò¤¤¡M§ÚÌ¬O±q <tt/˜/ ³o¸Ì¶}©l´M§ä¡M¤]´N¬O $HOME ªº¥Ø¿ý)¡C ¦oªº¿é¥Xµ²ªG¥i¥H³z¹L³\¦h±ø¥ó³]©w¡M¦Ó¹F¨ì³\¦h¤£¤@¼Ëªº»Ý¨D¡C¨Ò¦p <tt/-name/ ¡C <bf/°ÝÃD/: §Ú·Q§ä¤@ÓÀÉ®×¤ºªº¬Y¤@Ó¦r¡M¨Ò¦p 'entropy'¡M§Ún¦p¦ó§@©O¡H¦³¨S¦³Ãþ¦ü¹³ <tt/SEARCH/ ³oºØ«ü¥O©O? <bf/¸Ñ¨M¤è®×/: ¦³ªº, ¸Õ¸Õ¬Ý grep ³oÓ«ü¥O¡G <tscreen><verb> $ grep -l 'entropy' * </verb></tscreen> »¡©ú¡G¡¯ªí¥Ü©Ò¦³ªºÀÉ®×¡C <bf/°ÝÃD/: ¦b¬YÓ¦a¤è¡Mªº¬YÓÀÉ®×ªº¤º®e¦³ 'entropy' ³oÓ¦r, §Ú·Qª¾¹D¬Oþ¤@ÓÀÉ®×¡M¥B©ñ¦bþ¸Ì¡M ¦b VMS ¤W§Ú¥i¥H¨Ï¥Î <tt/search entropy [...]*.*;*/, ¦ý¬O <tt/grep/ ³oÓ«ü¥O¤£¥i¥H¦¬´M¤l¥Ø¿ý¡M²{¦b§Ún¦p¦ó¸Ñ¨M©O¡H <bf/¸Ñ¨M¤è®×/: <tscreen><verb> $ find . -exec grep -l "entropy" {} \; 2> /dev/null </verb></tscreen> »¡©ú: <tt/find ./ ¿é¥X±q¥Ø«e³oÓ¥Ø¿ý¤U©Ò¦³ªºÀÉ®×¡]¥]§t³oÓ¥Ø¿ý¤U©Ò¦³¤l¥Ø¿ý¡^¡M <tt/-exec grep -l "entropy"/ ¬O¹ï¨C¤@µ§¥Ñ find ¶Ç¥X¨ÓªºÀÉ®×«½Æ°õ¦æ°õ¦æ(represented by <tt/{}/), <tt/\/ ¬°µ²§ô³oÓ«ü¥O¡C¦pªG±zÄ±±oªº¨ÇªF¦è¤Ó¥i©È¤F¡M¨S¿ù¡M¤£¹L±z¥i¥H¸ÕµÛ¼g¼g¤U±ªº Script¡C <code> #!/bin/sh # rgrep: recursive grep # »¼°j¦¡Â^¨ú if [ $# != 3 ] then echo "Usage: rgrep --switches 'pattern' 'directory'" exit 1 fi find $3 -name "*" -exec grep $1 $2 {} \; 2> /dev/null </code> »¡©ú: <tt/grep/ ´N¹³ <tt/search/, µ²¦X¤F <tt/find/ ¡M§ÚÌ±o¨ì¤F¨âªÌªººëµØ¡C <bf/°ÝÃD/: §Ú¦³¤@Ó¸ê®ÆÀÉ®×¡M³oÓÀÉ®×¦@¦³¨â¦CÀÉÀY(header lines)¡]¤]´N¬O»¡¡M²Ä¤Tµ§¸ê®Æ¤~¬O§Ú¯u¥¿ªº¸ê®Æ¡^¡M ¦pªG§Ú·QnÂ^¨ú¨Cµ§¸ê®Æªº²Ä¤G©M²Ä¤Äæªº¸ê®Æ¡M§Ú»Ýn¼g¤@Ó Fortran ªºµ{¦¡¶Ü¡H <bf/¸Ñ¨M¤è®×/: ¤£»Ýn¡C¨Ó¬Ý¬Ý³oÓ¨ã¦³±þ¶Ë¤Oªº«ü¥O¡I <tscreen><verb> $ awk 'NL > 2 {print $2, "\t", $5}' datafile.dat > newfile.dat </verb></tscreen> »¡©ú: <tt/awk/ ³oÓ«ü¥O¹ê»Ú¤W¥i¥H»¡¬O¤@ºØµ{¦¡»y¨¥¡G¤W±ªº·N«ä¬O»¡¡G ¦b <tt/datafile.dat/ ³oÓÀÉ®×¸Ì¡M±qÀÉ®×ªº²Ä¤T¦æ¶}©lªº¨C¤@¦æ¡M¦L¥X¨C¤@¦æªº²Ä¤G©M²Ä¤Äæ¦ì¡M ¥H tab ¬°¤À¹j²Å¸¹¡C¾Ç·|¤F <tt/awk/ ¤@©w·|Åý±z¨Æ¥b¥\¿ªº¡C <bf/°ÝÃD/: §Ú±q FTP ¯¸¤U¸ü¤F <tt/ls-lR.gz/ ³oÓÀÉ®×¡M·Qn¹î¬ÝÀÉ®×¤º®e¡C ¹ï¨C¤@Ó¤l¥Ø¿ý¦Ó¨¥¡M¦o¦³¤@¦æ¼g»¡ "total xxxx", ¨ä¤¤ xxxx ªí¥ÜÀÉ®×¤j¤p¡]kbytes¡^ §Ú·Qª¾¹D©Ò¦³ xxxx ÈªºÁ`©M¡M§Ún¦p¦ó§@©O¡H <bf/¸Ñ¨M¤è®×/: <tscreen><verb> $ zcat ls-lR.gz | awk ' $1 == "total" { i += $2 } END {print i}' </verb></tscreen> »¡©ú: <tt/zcat/ ¥i¥H¦C¥X <tt/.gz/ ªºÀÉ®×¤º®e¡CµM«á±N zcat ±o¨ìªºµ²ªGÂà°e(pipe)¨ì <tt/awk/¡C¬Ý¨ì¤F§a¡I¤F¸Ñ awk ¯uªº¹ï±z¦³«Ü¤jªºÀ°§U³á¡CRMP¡I <bf/°ÝÃD/: §Ú¤w¸g¼g¤F¤@°¦ <tt/myprog/ ªº Fortran ªºµ{¦¡¡M¥i¥Hpºâ¥Ñ©R¥O¦C¶Ç¶i¨ÓªºÀÉ®×ªº¸ê®Æ¡M ¥i¬O¡M§Ú¦³«Ü¦hÓ¸ê®ÆÀÉ»Ýn¿é¤J¨ì³o°¦µ{¦¡¡M¨C¤@ÓÀÉ®×±N·|¦³¤@Óµ²ªGÀÉ®×¡C¦ý¬O¨C¦¸³£n¿é¤JÀÉ¦W¹ê¦b«Ü·Ð¤H¡M ¦b VMS ¤W¡M§Ú»Ýn¼g¤@ÓÅoöªº©R¥OÀÉ(command file)¤~¥i¥H¸Ñ¨M¡M¨º»ò¦b Linux ¤W©O¡H <bf/¸Ñ¨M¤è®×/: ¥un¤@Ó¤p¤pªº Script ´N¥i¥H¸Ñ¨M¤F¡C×§ï±zªºµ{¦¡¡MÅý±zªºµ{¦¡¥i¥H¹w©wÅª¤J '<tt/mydata.dat/' ³oÓÀÉ®×¡M ±Nµ²ªG¿é¥X¨ì¿Ã¹õ(stdout), µM«á½s¿è¤U±ªº Script¡G <code> #!/bin/sh # myprog.sh: run the same command on many different files # usage: myprog.sh *.dat for file in $* # for all parameters (e.g. *.dat) do # append the file name to result.dat echo -n "${file}: " >> results.dat # copy current argument to mydata.dat, run myprog # and append the output to results.dat cp ${file} mydata.dat ; myprog >> results.dat done </code> <bf/°ÝÃD/: §Ú§Æ±æ±N©Ò¦³ÀÉ®×¤ºªº `geology' ¦r´À´«¦¨ `geophysics' ¡M§Ú»Ýn¤â°Ê½s¿è¶Ü¡H¡I <bf/¸Ñ¨M¤è®×/: ¤£»Ýn¡C ¤U±ªº Shell Script ¥i¥HÀ°±z¿ì¨ì¡G <code> #!/bin/sh # replace $1 with $2 in $* # usage: replace "old-pattern" "new-pattern" file [file...] OLD=$1 # first parameter of the script NEW=$2 # second parameter shift ; shift # discard the first 2 parameters: the next are the file names for file in $* # for all files given as parameters do # replace every occurrence of OLD with NEW, save on a temporary file sed "s/$OLD/$NEW/g" ${file} > ${file}.new # rename the temporary file as the original file /bin/mv ${file}.new ${file} done </code> <bf/°ÝÃD/: §Ú¦³¤@¨ÇÀÉ®×¡M§Ú¤£ª¾¹D¦oÌªºÀÉ®×ªø«×¡M§Ú¥²¶·²¾°£³o¨ÇÀÉ®×¤ºªºË¼Æ²Ä¤G©MË¼Æ²Ä¤T¦æ¡M»Ýn¤â°Ê¶Ü¡H <bf/¸Ñ¨M¤è®×/: ·íµM¤£»Ýn¡MÁÙ¬O¨Ï¥Î Shell Script: <code> #!/bin/sh # prune.sh: removes n-1th and n-2th lines from files # usage: prune.sh file [file...] for file in $* # for every parameter do LINES=`wc -l $file | awk '{print $1}'` # pºâÁ`¦@¦³´X¦æ LINES=`expr $LINES - 3` # LINES = LINES - 3 head -n $LINES $file > $file.new # ¿é¥X«e LINES ¦æ tail -n 1 $file >> $file.new # ¦A±N³Ì«á¤@¦æªþ¥[¨ìÀÉ®×³Ì«á done </code> §Æ±æ¥H¤W³o¨Ç¹ê¨Ò¼W¥[±z¤£¤Öªº¹¼¤... <sect> ¤£¥i¤Öªº¤p°¾¤è <itemize> <item> <bf/Command completion/: ·í±z¦b©R¥O¦C±ý¿é¤J¬Y¤@«ü¥Oªº®ÉÔ¡M±z¤£»Ýn§¹¥þ¿é¤J³oÓ«ü¥Oªº©Ò¦³¦WºÙ¡M ¿é¤J«e´XÓ¦r¤¸«á¡M¦A«ö <TAB> ¡M¨t²Î·|À°±z§¹¦¨¿é¤J©Ò¦³ªº«ü¥O¦WºÙ; 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g77 -c mylib.f </verb></tscreen> ³o·|²£¥Í¥X <tt/mylib.o/ ¡M±z¥i¥H¨Ï¥Î¦o¨Ó³sµ²±zªºµ{¦¡¡C ³Ì«á¡M¦pªGn link ¨ä¥Lªº¨ç¼Æ®w(library)¡M§ÚÌ°²³] <tt/libdummy.so/: <tscreen><verb> $ g77 -o myprog myprog.f -ldummy </verb></tscreen> ¦pªG±z¨Ï¥Î <tt/f2c/, ±z¥u¯à¨Ï¥Î <tt/f77/ ©Î¬O <tt/fort77/ ¡M¦Ó¤£¯à¨Ï¥Î <tt/g77/¡C ¥t¤@Ó¦³¥Îªº¤u¨ã¬O <tt/make/, ¸Ôz¦p¤U¡G <sect1> ¦p¦ó¨Ï¥Î <tt/make/ <tt/make/ ¥i¥H¥Î¨Ó½s¿è«Ü¦h¤À´²©óÓÀÉ®×ªºì©l½X¡C¦b VMS ¤W§ÚÌºÙ¬° <tt>MMS</tt> ©M <tt>MMK</tt>, ¦ý¬O¦oÌ©M Linux ¦³¤£¦Pªº»yªk¡C °²³]±z¦³¤@¨Çì©lµ{¦¡¡M»Ýn§@¨Ç¨Ò¦æµ{§Ç¡Cµ{¦¡¤À§O¬° <tt/file_1.f, file_2.f, file_3.f/, ¥Dµ{¦¡¬° <tt/myprog.f/¡C ¦pªG±z¬O¤â°Ê½sÄ¶±zªºµ{¦¡¡M¨C·í±z×§ï±zªºµ{¦¡½X«á¡M ±z¥²¶·ª¾¹DþÓÀÉ®×©MþÓÀÉ®×¦³Ãö³s¡MþÓÀÉ®×¥²¶·¥ý½sÄ¶¡Mµ¥µ¥¡C »P¨äµoºÆ¡M¤£¦p±z¥i¥H¼gÓ `makefile'¡C ³o¬O¤@Ó¤å¦rÀÉ¡M¸Ì±°O¿ýµÛ±zµ{¦¡½X»Pµ{¦¡½X¤§¶¡ªºÃö³s©Ê¡C ·í¨ä¤¤¤@ÓÀÉ®×³Q×§ï«á¡M¥u¦³»P³oÓ³Q×§ïªºÀÉ®×¦³¬ÛÃöªºÀÉ®×»Ýn³Q«·s½sÄ¶¡C ¨Ò¦p¡M±z¼g¤F¤@Ó makefile ¦p¤U¡G <code> # ³o¬O¤@Ó makefile # ¨Ï¥Î <TAB> Áä¡M·í±z¨£¨ì <TAB> ¼ÐÅÒ®É! # ³o«D±`ªº«n¡M½Ð¤£n¨Ï¥ÎªÅ¥ÕÁä¥N´À¡C myprog: myprog.o file_1.o file_2.o file_3.o <TAB>g77 -o myprog myprog.o file_1.o file_2.o file_3.o # myprog depends on four object files myprog.o: myprog.f <TAB>g77 -c myprog.f # myprog.o depends on its source file file_1.o: file_1.f <TAB>g77 -c file_1.f # file_1.o depends on its source file file_2.o: file_2.f file_1.o <TAB>g77 -c file_2.f file_1.o # file_2.o depends on its source file and an object file file_3.o: file_3.f file_2.o <TAB>g77 -c file_3.f file_2.o # file_3.o depends on its source file and an object file # end of makefile. </code> Àx¦s³oÓÀÉ®×¡M©R¦W¬° <tt/Makefile/ ¥B¦b©R¥O¦C¿é¤J <tt/make/ ¨Ó½sÄ¶±zªºµ{¦¡; ©Î¬O±z¤]¥i¥H±N¦o¦s¦¨ <tt/myprog.mak/ µM«á¨Ï¥Î <tt/make -f myprog.mak/ ¨Ó½sÄ¶. ±µ¤U¨Óªº«áÄò°Ê§@, RMP.¡]ÁÙ°O±o¤°»ò¬O RMP §a¡I¡^ <sect1> Shell Scripts Shell scripts ´N¹³ VMS ¤Wªº command files¡C, ³o¥i¥H«Øºc¥X«D±`¦³¥Îªº¥\¯à¡C n¼g¤@Ó script, ±z©Òn§@ªº´N¥u¬O¼g¤@Ó¥]§t¤@¨Ç«ü¥Oªº¤å¦rÀÉ¡MµM«á¦sÀÉ¡M§ïÅÜ¦¨¥i°õ¦æªº¼Ò¦¡ ¡]¨Ï¥Î <tt/chmod +x <scriptfile>/¡^¡C ¥un¿é¤J¸Ó Script ªº¦W¦r´N¥i¥H°õ¦æ¤F¡C ¼g¤@Ó Script ¬O¤@Ó«D±`«¤jªº¤uµ{¡M³o»Ýn¤@¥»®Ñ¡C³o¸Ì§Ú´N¤£¦A¦h°µ»¡©ú¤F¡C §Ú¥uµ¹±z¤@Ó©Î¦h©Î¤Öªººî¦Xªº¡]§Æ±æ¡^¦³¥Îªº¨Ò¤l¡M±z©Î³\¥i¥H±q³oÓ¨Ò¤l¤¤±o¨ì¤@¨Ç°ò¥»ªº³W«h¡C EXAMPLE: sample.sh <code> #!/bin/sh # sample.sh # I am a comment # ¤£n×§ï²Ä¤@¦æ¡M¦o¥²¶·¥H³oºØ§Î¦¡¦s¦b¦b²Ä¤@¦æ¡I¡I¡I echo "This system is: `uname -a`" # use the output of the command echo "My name is $0" # built-in variables echo "You gave me the following $# parameters: "$* echo "First parameter is: "$1 echo -n "What's your name? " ; read your_name echo notice the difference: "hi $your_name" # quoting with " echo notice the difference: 'hi $your_name' # quoting with ' DIRS=0 ; FILES=0 for file in `ls .` ; do if [ -d ${file} ] ; then # if file is a directory DIRS=`expr $DIRS + 1` # this means DIRS = DIRS + 1 elif [ -f ${file} ] ; then FILES=`expr $FILES + 1` fi case ${file} in *.gif|*jpg) echo "${file}: graphic file" ;; *.txt|*.tex) echo "${file}: text file" ;; *.c|*.f|*.for) echo "${file}: source file" ;; *) echo "${file}: generic file" ;; esac done echo "there are ${DIRS} directories and ${FILES} files" ls | grep "ZxY--!!!WKW" if [ $? != 0 ] ; then # exit code of last command echo "ZxY--!!!WKW not found" fi echo "enough... type 'man bash' if you want more info." </code> <sect1> C »y¨¥<label id="C"> Linux ¬O¤@Ó¼g ¢Ñ»y¨¥ªº¦n¦a¤è¡C´N°²³]±z·|¢Ñ»y¨¥§a¡I³o¸Ì¤]´XÓ«ü¾É¤è°w¡C ½sÄ¶±zªºµ{¦¡<tt/hello.c/ ¡M±z·|¨Ï¥Î¨ì <tt/gcc/ compiler, ³o¤w¬O Linux ªº¤@³¡¥÷¤F¡C ¦Ó¥B©M <tt/g77/ ¦³¬Û¦Pªº¨Ï¥Î¤èªk: <tscreen><verb> $ gcc -O2 -o hello hello.c </verb></tscreen> ³sµ²(link)¨ç¼Æ®w(library)¡M¥[¤J°Ñ¼Æ <tt>-l<libname></tt>¡C ¨Ò¦p¡Mn link ¼Æ¾Ç¨ç¼Æ®w©M³Ì¨Î¤Æ¡M¥i¥H¤U¦p¤U«ü¥O¡G <tscreen><verb> $ gcc -O2 -o mathprog mathprog.c -lm </verb></tscreen> ( <tt>-l<libname></tt> °Ñ¼Æ±j¢ <tt/gcc/ ³sµ²(link)¨ç¼Æ®w(library) <tt>/usr/lib/lib<libname>.a</tt>; ©Ò¥H <tt/-lm/ ´N³sµ²¤F <tt>/usr/lib/libm.a</tt>). ¦pªG±zªºµ{¦¡¬O¥Ñ³\¦hÀÉ®×²Õ¦¨ªº¡M±z¥i¯à¤]»Ýn¨Ï¥Î«e±©Ò´£¨ìªº <tt/make/ ³oÓ¤u¨ã¡C ¦b makefile ¨Ï¥Î <tt/gcc/ ©M ¢Ñ»y¨¥ªºì©l½XÀÉ®×´N¥i¥H¤F¡C ±z¤]¥i¥HÀò±o¦³Ãö C »y¨¥ªº¨ç¼Æªº»¡©ú¡C³o¨Ç»¡©ú¤å¥ó³£¤w¸g³Q½s¦¨ man pages¡M²Ä¤T¸`(section 3) ¤F¡C ¨Ò¦p: <tscreen><verb> $ man 3 printf </verb></tscreen> ¦P®É¡M¦³³\³\¦h¦hªº¨ç¼Æ®w¥i¨Ñ¨Ï¥Î¡C¨ä¤¤±z²Ä¤@·Qn¨Ï¥Îªº¬O <tt/ncurses/, ³o¥i¥H¥Î¨Ó³B²z¤å¦r¼Ò¦¡¤Uªº¯S®Ä¡C©Î¬O <tt/svgalib/, ³o¥i¥H¥Î¨Ó³B²z¹Ï§Î¼Ò¦¡¡C <sect> ¹Ï§Î¬É± <label id="Graphics"> ¦b³\¦h¹Ï§Î®M¥ó¤¤¡M<tt/gnuplot/ ¯u¬O¨ä¤¤¤§Â¼·¡¡C¶i¤J X Window «á¿é¤J <tt/gnuplot/, ¥i¬OµÛÅª¤J¨âÓ½d¨ÒÀÉ: <tt/2D-data.dat/ (¨C¦æ¦³¨âµ§¸ê®Æ), ©M <tt/3D-data.dat/ (¨C¦æ¦³¤Tµ§¸ê®Æ). ¨Ò¡G2-D graphs: <tscreen><verb> gnuplot> set title "my first graph" gnuplot> plot '2D-data.dat' gnuplot> plot '2D-data.dat' with linespoints gnuplot> plot '2D-data.dat', sin(x) gnuplot> plot [-5:10] '2D-data.dat' </verb></tscreen> ¨Ò¡G3-D graphs (¨C¤@¦æ¤¤ªº¸ê®Æ¥HªÅ¥ÕÁä³Ì¬°¤À¹j): <tscreen><verb> gnuplot> set parametric ; set hidden3d ; set contour gnuplot> splot '3D-data.dat' using 1:2:3 with linespoints </verb></tscreen> ¥u¦³¤@¦æ¸ê®ÆªºÀÉ®×(¦p®É¶¡§Ç¦C)¤]¥i¥H³QÃ¸»s¦¨ 2-D ªº¹Ï§Î¡G <tscreen><verb> gnuplot> plot [-5:15] '2D-data-1col.dat' with linespoints </verb></tscreen> ©Î¬OÃ¸¦¨ 3-D graph : <tscreen><verb> gnuplot> set noparametric ; set hidden3d gnuplot> splot '3D-data-1col.dat' using 1 with linespoints </verb></tscreen> ¦C¦L¹Ï§Î¡G°²³]±zªº Postscript ¦Cªí¾÷ªº«ü¥O¬O <tt/lpr -Pps file.ps/¡M¨BÆJ¦p¤U: <tscreen><verb> gnuplot> set term post gnuplot> set out '| lpr -Pps' gnuplot> replot </verb></tscreen> µM«á¿é¤J <tt/set term x11/ ¦^´_¦¨ x11 ¼Ò¦¡¡C §OÃhºÃ¡M·í±zÂ÷¶} <tt/gnuplot/ «á¡M¤å¥ó±N·|¦Û°Ê¦C¦L¥X¨Ó¡C §ó¦h°T®§¡M¥i¿é¤J <tt/help/ ©Î¬O°Ñ¨£¥Ø¿ý¤¤ªº½d¨Ò¡C ¡]<tt>/usr/lib/gnuplot/demos/</tt>¡^ <sect> Mail ©M Internet ¤u¨ã <label id="Mail and Internet Tools"> ¦]¬°ºô¸ô¬O½Ï¥Í¦b Unix ªº¾÷¾¹¤W¡M±z¥i¥H¦b Linux ¤Wµo²{³\¦h¦n¥Î¥B©ö¤W¤âªº³nÅé¡C ªÌ¸Ì©Ò¦C¡M¥u¬O¨ä¤¤ªº¤@³¡¥÷¦Ó¤w¡G <itemize> <item> <bf/Mail/: ¨Ï¥Î <tt/elm/ ©Î¬O <tt/pine/ ¨Ó³B²z±zªº email; 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<tt/rwx/ ¬O¤¹³\ÀÉ®×¾Ö¦³ªÌ¥i¥H¹ï¸ÓÀÉ®×§@Åª¡M¼g¡M©M°õ¦æªº°Ê§@¡F <tt/r-x/ ¬O¤¹³\¸s²Õ¨Ï¥ÎªÌ¥i¥H¹ï¸ÓÀÉ®×§@Åª©M°õ¦æªº°Ê§@¡M¦ý¬O¤£¥i¥H§@¼gªº°Ê§@¡C¡F <tt/r-x/ ¬O¨î¨ä¥Lªº¨Ï¥ÎªÌ¹ï¸ÓÀÉ®×¥u¦³Åª©M°õ¦æªºÅv¡M«o¨S¦³¼gªºÅv¡C ¦p¦ó§ïÅÜÀÉ®×ªº¨Ï¥ÎÅv¡G <tscreen><verb> $ chmod <whoXperm> <file> </verb></tscreen> ¨ä¤¤ who ¬O <tt/u/ (user¡]¨Ï¥ÎªÌ¡^, §YÀÉ®×ªº¾Ö¦³ªÌ), <tt/g/ (¸s²Õ group), <tt/o/ (¨ä¥L other), X ªí¥Ü¥i¥H¬° <tt/+/ ©Î <tt/-/, perm ¥i¥H¬° <tt/r/ (Åª read), <tt/w/ (¼g write), ©Î¬O <tt/x/ (¥i°õ¦æ execute). Á|¨Ò»¡©ú¡G <tscreen><verb> $ chmod u+x file </verb></tscreen> ³o¬O°w¹ï¸ÓÀÉ®×¡M¶}©ñ¥i°õ¦æªºÅvµ¹¸ÓÀÉ®×ªº¾Ö¦³ªÌ¡C¥iÁY¼g¦¨¡G <tt/chmod +x file/. <tscreen><verb> $ chmod go-wx file </verb></tscreen> ³o¬O¹ï¸ÓÀÉ®×¡M²¾°£¸s²Õ¨Ï¥ÎªÌ©M¨ä¥L¨Ï¥ÎªÌ¹ï¸ÓÀÉ®×ªº¡§¼g¡¨ªºÅv©M¡§°õ¦æ¡¨ªºÅv¡C <tscreen><verb> $ chmod ugo+rwx file </verb></tscreen> ³o¬O¶}©ñ¸ÓÀÉ®×ªºÅª¡M¼g¡M©M°õ¦æªºÅvµ¹©Ò¦³ªº¨Ï¥ÎªÌ¡C ¥t¤@Ó§Ö³tªí¥Üªk¬°¨Ï¥Î¤@²Õ¼Æ¦r¡G<tt/rwxr-xr-x/ ¥i¥H¥Î 755 ¨Óªí¥Ü (¨C¤@¦ì¼Æ¦r¹ïÀ³¤@Ó±±¨î¦ì¤¸: <tt/---/ ªí¬O 0, <tt/--x/ ªí¥Ü 1, <tt/-w-/ ªí¥Ü 2...). ©Ò¥H¡Mrwx = 4+2+1 = 7¡Mr-x = 4+0+1 = 5¡M©Ò¥H¡M<tt/rwxr-xr-x/ ¥i¥H¥Î 755 ¨Óªí¥Ü¡C ¹ï¥Ø¿ý¦Ó¨¥¡M<tt/rx/ ªí¥Ü±z¥i¥H¤Á´«¨ì¸Ó¥Ø¿ý¡G <tt/cd/ , ¦Ó <tt/w/ ªí¥Ü±z¥i¥H§R°£¸Ó¥Ø¿ýªºÀÉ®×(·íµM»Ýnµø¸ÓÀÉ®×ªº¨Ï¥ÎÅv¦Ó©w), ©Î¬O¥Ø¿ý¥»¨. ³o¨ÇÁÙ¥u¬O¦B¤sªº¤@¨¤¦Ó¤w¡M·Qnª¾¹D§ó¦h---RMP. ¦p¦ó§ïÅÜÀÉ®×ªº¾Ö¦³Åv¡G <tscreen><verb> $ chown username file </verb></tscreen> §Ú¾ã²z¦¨¤Uªí¡G <tscreen><verb> VMS Linux Notes ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ SET PROT=(O:RW) file.txt $ chmod u+rw file.txt $ chmod 600 file.txt SET PROT=(O:RWED,W) file $ chmod u+rwx file $ chmod 700 file SET PROT=(O:RWED,W:RE) file $ chmod 755 file SET PROT=(O:RW,G:RW,W) file $ chmod 660 file SET FILE/OWNER_UIC=JOE file $ chown joe file SET DIR/OWNER_UIC=JOE [.dir] $ chown joe dir/ </verb></tscreen> <sect1> ¦h¤u(Multitasking): µ{§Ç(Processes) ©M ¤u§@(Jobs) <label id="Multitasking"> ±ý°õ¦æ«Ü¦hµ{¦¡¡M¦b Linux ¤W¨S¦³©Ò¿×ªº `batch queues' ; ¦h¤u¨ä¹ê¥H«D±`¤£¤@¼Ëªº¤âªk³B²z¡C ¥H¤U¬O¤@¯ë±`¨£ªº©R¥O¦C¡G <tscreen><verb> $ command -s1 -s2 ... -sn par1 par2 ... parn < input > output & </verb></tscreen> ¨ä¤¤ <tt>-s1</tt>, ..., <tt>-sn</tt> ¬O¸Óµ{¦¡ªº°Ñ¼Æ¡]switch¡^, <tt/par1/, ..., <tt/parn/ ¬Oµ{¦¡ªº¿é¤JÅÜ¼Æ(parameters). ²{¦bÅý§ÚÌ¨Ó¬Ý¬Ý¦b Linux ¤W¦p¦ó¦h¤u¡Cµ{§Ç¡]processes¡^¬O¤@°¦¤£½×¦b«e´º©Î¬OI´º³Q°õ¦æªºµ{¦¡¡C <itemize> <item> ¦bI´º°õ¦æµ{§Ç: <tscreen><verb> $ progname [-switches] [parameters] [< input] [> output] & [1] 234 </verb></tscreen> shell ·|´£¥Ü±z¸Óµ{§Ç(process)ªº¤u§@¸¹½X¡]`job number'¡^ (²Ä¤@Ó¼Æ¦r; ½Ð¬Ý¤U¤å) ©M¸Óµ{§Çªºµ{§ÇÃÑ§O½X PID (Process IDentifier). ¨C¤@Óµ{§Ç³£¦³¤@²Õ¿W¤@µL¤Gªº PID. <item> ÀËµø¦³¦h¤Ö Processes ³Q°õ¦æ¡G <tscreen><verb> $ ps -ax </verb></tscreen> ³o·|¿é¥X¤@¤j¦ê¥¿¦b°õ¦æªºµ{§Ç(processes)¡C <item> ±þ±¼µ{§Ç¡G <tscreen><verb> $ kill <PID> </verb></tscreen> ¦pªG±z¤£ª¾¹Dn¦p¦ó¥¿½Tªº²×¤î¬Y¤@Óµ{§Ç¡M³o®É±z¥i¯à´Nn¤â°Ê§âµ{§Çµ¹±þ¦º³á¡I... ;-). ¦³¨Ç®ÉÔ¡M¤@Óµ{§Ç¥u¯à³Q¤U¦C¤@Ó«ü¥O±þ¦º¡G <tscreen><verb> $ kill -15 <PID> $ kill -9 <PID> </verb></tscreen> </itemize> ªþ±a¤@´£¡MSell ¤¹³\±z°±¤î©Î¬O¼È®É°±¤î¤@Óµ{§Ç¡M±Nµ{§Ç°e¨ìI´º¤u§@¡M©Î¬O±Nµ{§Ç±qI´º±a¨ì«e´º¡C ¦b³o¸Ì¡Mµ{§Ç(processes)§ÚÌºÙ¤§¬°¤u§@(`jobs'). <itemize> <item> ÀËµø¦³¦h¤Ö¤u§@¡]jobs¡^¥¿¦b°õ¦æ¡G <tscreen><verb> $ jobs </verb></tscreen> ¤u§@(jobs)¬O¥Ñ Shell µ¹ªº¤u§@¸¹½X¡]job number¡^¨Ó§@°Ï§O¡Mª`·N¡M¤£¬O PID ³á. <item> ²×¤î¦b«e´º¤u§@ªºµ{§Ç(processes): <tscreen><verb> $ CTRL-C </verb></tscreen> (¤£¤@©w¨C¤@¦¸«µ®Ä) <item> ¼È°±¦b«e´º¤u§@ªºµ{§Ç(process): <tscreen><verb> $ CTRL-Z </verb></tscreen> (¦P¤W) <item> ±N¼È°±ªºµ{§ÇÂà´«¦¨I´º¤u§@(background jobs): <tscreen><verb> $ bg <job> </verb></tscreen> <item> ±NI´º¤u§@±a¨ì«e´º: <tscreen><verb> $ fg <job> </verb></tscreen> <item> ±þ±¼¤@Ó¤u§@(job): <tscreen><verb> $ kill <%job> </verb></tscreen> </itemize> <sect1> ¦b³XÀÉ®×(files) §ó¦h¦³ÃöÀÉ®×ªº°T®§¡C <itemize> <item> <bf/stdin, stdout, stderr/: ¦b UNIX ¤¤¡M¥ô¦ó¤@Ó¨t²Î¤¸¥ó³£³Qµø¬°¬O¤@ÓÀÉ®×¡C «ü¥O©Î¬OÀ³¥Îµ{¦¡Åª¤J¤@Ó©Ò¿×¼Ð·Ç¿é¤JªºÀÉ®×¡]<tt/stdin/¡G³q±`¬°Áä½L¡^¡M ¿é¥Xµ²ªG¨ì©Ò¿×¼Ð·Ç¿é¥XªºÀÉ®×¡]<tt/stdout/ ¡G³q¦¨¬°¿Ã¹õ¡^¡M¦Ó¿ù»~¿é¥X¤]¬O¿é¥X¨ì¤@ÓÀÉ®×¡M §ÚÌºÙ¤§¬° <tt/stderr/ (³q±`¤]¬O¿Ã¹õ). ¨Ï¥Î <tt/</ ©M <tt/>/ ¡M±z¥i¥H±N¿é¥X©M¿é¤J«·s¾É¦V¨ì¥t¥~¤@ÓÀÉ®×¡C µM¦Ó¡M <tt/>>/ ¬O±Nµ²ªGªþ¥[¨ìÀÉ®×ªºÀÉ§À¡M¦Ó¤£¬OÂÐ»\ì¨ÓªºÀÉ®×¡C; <tt/2>/ «¾É¿ù»~°T®§(stderr); 2>&1 «¾É¿ù»~°T®§¨ì¼Ð·Ç¿é¥X, ¦Ó 1>&2 «h¬O«¾É¼Ð·Ç¿é¥X¨ì¿ù»~¿é¥X¡C ¦³¤@Ó¶Â¬}¡]`black hole'¡^¥s°µ <tt>/dev/null</tt>: ©Ò¦³¾É¨ì³oÓÀÉ®×ªºªF¦è¡M ³£±N®ø¥¢ªºµL¼vµLÂÜ¡C <item> <bf/wildcards/: ¸U¥Î¦r¤¸ '<tt/*/' ¦³¬Û¦Pªº¥\¯à¡C¥Îªk: * ²Å¦X©Ò¦³ÀÉ®×¡M°£¤FÁôÂÃÀÉ¥H¥~¡C .* ²Å¦X©Ò¦³ÁôÂÃÀÉ; *.* ²Å¦X¥u¦³¤@ÓÂI '.' ¦b¤¤¶¡ªºÀÉ®×¡C¸òÀHµÛ¨ä¥L¦r¤¸¡G p*r ªí¥Ü `peter' ©Î¬O `piper' ³£¦³¥i¯à; *c* ¥i¯à²Å¦X `picked' ©Î¬O `peck'¡C '<tt/%/' ´«¦¨ '<tt/?/'¡C ÁÙ¦³¥t¥~¤@ºØ¸U¥Î¦r¤¸¡G<tt/[]/. ¥Îªk: <tt/[abc]*/ ªí¥ÜÀÉ®×¥²¶·¥H¦r¤¸ a, b, c ³Ì¬°¶}ÀY; <tt/*[I-N,1,2,3]/ ªí¥ÜÀÉ®×¦WºÙ¥Ñ I, J, K, L, M, N, 1, 2, 3 §@¬°µ²§À¡C <item> <tt/mv/ (<tt/«·s©R¦W/) ¤£¥i¥H¤@¦¸¦hÓÀÉ®×¡C§Y <tt/mv *.xxx *.yyy/ ±N¤£·|°õ¦æ¦¨¥\; <item> ¨Ï¥Î <tt/cp -i/ ©M <tt/mv -i/ ¥i¥H´£¿ô±z¬O§_nÂÐ»\¥H¦s¦bªºÀÉ®×¡C </itemize> <sect1> ¦C¦L¦î¦C <label id="Print Queues"> ´N¹³ VMS ¡M¦C¦L¤u§@·|¥ý³Q©ñ¨ì¦î¦C·í¤¤(queues)¡M·í±z¤U¦C¦L«ü¥Oªº®ÉÔ¡M±z©Î³\·|«ü©w¦Cªí¾÷ªº¦WºÙ¡C ¨Ò¦p¡G <tscreen><verb> $ lpr file.txt # ³o±N«ü¥Î¨ì¹w³]ªº¦Cªí¾÷ $ lpr -Plaser file.ps # ³o±N¨Ï¥Î¦W¬° 'laser' ªº¦Cªí¾÷ </verb></tscreen> ³B²z¦C¦L¦î¦C(print queues), ±z¥i¯à»Ýn¤U¦C«ü¥O¡G <tscreen><verb> VMS Linux ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ $ PRINT file.ps $ lpr file.ps $ PRINT/QUEUE=laser file.ps $ lpr -Plaser file.ps $ SHOW QUEUE $ lpq $ SHOW QUEUE/QUEUE=laser $ lpq -Plaser $ STOP/QUEUE $ lprm <item> </verb></tscreen> <sect> ³]©w <label id="Configuring"> ±zªº¨t²ÎºÞ²zû¤w¸g´£¨Ñ±z¤@¨Ç²ÕºA³]©wÀÉ¡M¦p¡G <tt/.xinitrc/, <tt/.bash_profile/, <tt/.inputrc/, µ¥µ¥¡C ¨ä¤¤±z·Qn½s¿èªº¬O¡G <itemize> <item> <tt/ .bash_profile/ ©Î¬O <tt/.profile/: ¦b login ®É¡M³oÓÀÉ®×´N³Q Shell µ¹Åª¶i¨Ó¤F¡C´N¹³ VMS ¤Wªº <tt/LOGIN.COM/; <item> <tt/ .bash_logout/: ·ínµn¥Xªº®ÉÔ¡MÅª¨ú³oÓÀÉ®×¡C³o´N¹³ VMS ¤Wªº <tt/LOGOUT.COM/; <item> <tt/ .bashrc/: ³Q non--login shells Åª¨ú. <item> <tt/ .inputrc/: ³oÓÀÉ®×¥i¥H©w°µ¤@²Õ¦XÁä©M³]©w shell ªº¦æ¬°¡C </itemize> §Ú±N¥H§Úªº <tt/.bash_profile/ ³Ì¬°¹ê¨Ò¡C <code> # $HOME/.bash_profile # ¦pªG¤£»Ýn¡M½Ð¤£n«·s©w¸q $PATH ÅÜ¼Æ¡C echo $PATH | grep $LOGNAME > /dev/null if [ $? != 0 ] then export PATH="$PATH:/home/$LOGNAME/bin" # add my dir to the PATH fi export PS1='LOGNAME:\w\$ ' export PS2='Continued...>' # aliases §O¦W alias bin="cd ~/bin" ; alias cp="cp -i" ; alias d="dir" alias del="delete" ; alias dir="/bin/ls $LS_OPTIONS --format=vertical" alias ed="jed" ; alias mv='mv -i' alias u="cd .." ; alias undel="undelete" # A few useful functions ¤@¨Ç¦³¥Îªº¨ç¼Æ¡I»Å¡I inst() # Install a .tar.gz archive in current directory. { gzip -dc $1 | tar xvf - } cz() # List the contents of a .zip archive. { unzip -l $* } ctgz() # List the contents of a .tar.gz archive. { for file in $* ; do gzip -dc ${file} | tar tf - done } tgz() # Create a .tgz archive a la zip. { name=$1 ; tar -cvf $1 ; shift tar -rf ${name} $* ; gzip -S .tgz ${name} } </code> ³o¬O§Úªº <tt/.inputrc/: <code> # $HOME/.inputrc # ¤W¦¸×§ï¤é´Á: 16 January 1997. # # ¥H¤U¬Oµù¸Ñ¡M»¡©ú³oÓ Script ªº¥Î·N¡C # This file is read by bash and defines key bindings to be used by the shell; # what follows fixes the keys END, HOME, and DELETE, plus accented letters. # For more information, man readline. "\e[1~": beginning-of-line "\e[3~": delete-char "\e[4~": end-of-line set bell-style visible set meta-flag On set convert-meta Off set output-meta On set horizontal-scroll-mode On set show-all-if-ambiguous On # (F1 .. F5) are "\e[[A" ... "\e[[E" "\e[[A": "info " </code> <sect> ¦³¥Îªºµ{¦¡ <label id="Useful Programs"> <sect1> ÂsÄýÀÉ®×: <tt/less/ ±z±N·|»Ýn¨C¤Ñ¨Ï¥Î³oÓÀÉ®×ÂsÄý¾¹¡C©Ò¥H§Ú±Nµ¹±z¤@¨Ç¯¦ÓDÅý±z¯à¦n¦nªº§Q¥Î³oÓ¤u¨ã¡C º¥ý¡Mn¨D±zªº¨t²ÎºÞ²zû³o©w <tt/less/ ¨Ï¦o¤£¥u¥i¥HÅã¥Ü¤å¦rÀÉ¡M§ó¥i¥HÀ£ÁYÀÉ®×¤å¥ó¡Mµ¥¡C ´N¹³²{¦bª©¥»ªº <tt>TYPE</tt>, <tt/less/ ¥i¥HÅý±zÂsÄý±z¥Ø«e¥Ø¿ý¤UªºÀÉ®×¡C ¦o¦P®É¤]¥i¥H±µ¨ü³\¦hÃB¥~¥ÑÁä½L¿é¤Jªº«öÁä«ü¥O¡M¤ñ¸û¦³¥Îªº¬O¡G <itemize> <item> ²Ä¤@, «ö¤U <tt/q/ ¥i¥HÂ÷¶}ÀÉ®×ÂsÄý; <item> <tt/h/ ´£¨Ñ±z³\¦hªº½u¤W»¡©ú; <item> <tt/g/ ¸õ¨ìÀÉÀY, <tt/G/ ²¾¦ÜÀÉ§À, ¼Æ¦r n ¥[ <tt/g/ ªí¥Ü¨ì§Ì n ¦æ¡C(¨Ò¦p <tt/125g/), ¼Æ¦r¥[ <tt/%/ ªí¥Ü¤@¨ì¸ÓÀÉ®×¤§¦Ê¤À¤ñ¤j¤pªº¦a¤è; <item> <tt>/pattern</tt> ¦V¤U·j´M `pattern'; <tt/n/ ¦V¤U·j´M¤Uµ§¸ê®Æ; <tt>?pattern</tt> ©M <tt/N/ ªí¥Ü¦V¤W´M§ä¡C <item> <tt/m/+letter ¼Ð¥Ü¥Ø«e¦a¤è (¦p <tt/ma/); <tt/'/+letter ¨ì³Q¼Ð¥Üªº¦a¤è. <item> <tt/:e/ ÀË¬d·sÀÉ®×; <item> <tt/!command/ °õ¦æ©R¥O¦CÀÉ®×. </itemize> <sect1> ¦b Linux ¤Uªºª©¥»³Æ¥÷ <label id="Numbered Backups Under Linux"> ü, Linux ¨Ã¨S¦³´£¨ÑÀÉ®×ª©¥»ªº¥\¯à¡C¦ý¬O±z¥i¥H¥Î¨âºØµoªk¸Ñ¨M³oÓ°ÝÃD¡C ²Ä¤@¡M¨Ï¥Î RCS, ª©¥»ºÞ²z¨t²Î¡]the Revision Control System¡^, ¦o¥i¥HÅý±zºÞ²z¥ý«eªºÀÉ®×ª©¥»¡CRCS ¥i¥H¦b ``The RCS MINI-HOWTO'' (<url url="http://sunsite.unc.edu/mdw/HOWTO/mini/RCS.html">) ¤¤§ä¨ì. ²Ä¤GºØ¤èªk¡M¨Ï¥Îª¾¹D¦p¦ó³B²zª©¥»½s¸¹ªº½s¿è¾¹¡G<tt>emacs</tt> ©M <tt>jed</tt> ³£¦³³oÓ¥\¯à¡C ¦b <tt>emacs</tt>, ¦b <tt>.emacs</tt> ¨º¥[¤J¤U¦C´X¦æ: <tscreen><verb> (setq version-control t) (setq kept-new-versions 15) ;;; or any other value (setq kept-old-versions 15) (setq backup-by-copying-when-linked t) (setq backup-by-copying-when-mismatch t) </verb></tscreen> ¦pªG¨Ï¥Î <tt>jed</tt>, ½Ð½T©w±zªºª©¥»¦b 0.98.7 ¥H¤W; ¦oªº§ó·sÀÉ¡M¥i¥H¨Ï¨ä¤ä´©¼Æ¦rª©¥»³Æ¥÷¡C ¬ÛÃö¤å¥ó¥i¥H¦b <tt> <url url="http://ibogeo.df.unibo.it/guido/slang/backups.sl"> </tt> ¤¤§ä¨ì. <sect1> ÀÉ®×À]¡]Archiving¡^: tar & gzip ¦b UNIX ¸Ì¡M¦³¤@¨Ç±`¥Î¨ìªºÀ³¥Îµ{¦¡¨Ó¶°¤¤ºÞ²z¤ÎÀ£ÁYÀÉ®×¡C <tt/tar/ ¥i¥H¥Î¨Ó¥]«ÊÀÉ®×¡C±ý¥]«ÊÀÉ®×¥i¥Î¤U¦C«ü¥O¡C <tscreen><verb> $ tar -cvf <archive_name.tar> <file> [file...] </verb></tscreen> ¸Ñ¶}¥]«ÊÀÉ®×¥i¥Î¡G <tscreen><verb> $ tar -xpvf <archive_name.tar> [file...] </verb></tscreen> ¦C®Ñ¥]«ÊÀÉ®×¤¤©Ò¦³ªºÀÉ®×¡G <tscreen><verb> $ tar -tf <archive_name.tar> | less </verb></tscreen> ¥i¥H¨Ï¥Î <tt/compress/ ©Î¬O <tt/gzip/ ¨ÓÀ£ÁYÀÉ«ö¥H¸`¬ÙµwºÐªÅ¶¡: <tscreen><verb> $ compress <file> $ gzip <file> </verb></tscreen> ¦pªG¨Ï¥Î <tt/compress/ ¨ÓÀ£ÁYÀÉ®×¡M¦o¬°À°±z²£¥Í°ÆÀÉ¦W¬° .Z ªºÀ£ÁYÀÉ¡M¦Ó <tt/gzip/ «h¬O¥H .gz ¬°°ÆÀÉ¦W¡C ³o¨ÇÀ³¥Îµ{¦¡¨Ã¤£¯à¥Î¨Ó¥]«ÊÀÉ®×¡M¦ý¬O¥i¥H¥Î¨ÓÀ£ÁYÀÉ®×¡C¸ÑÀ£ÁY¥i¥Î¡G <tscreen><verb> $ compress -d <file.Z> $ gzip -d <file.gz> </verb></tscreen> ¸Ô²Ó±¡§Î¡M½Ð RMP. ¦¹¥~¡M<tt/unarj/, <tt/zip/ ©M <tt/unzip/ ¨Ç¤u¨ã¤]¥i¥H§Q¥Î¡C ÀÉ®×ªº°ÆÀÉ¦W¦pªG¬O <tt/.tar.gz/ ©Î¬O <tt/.tgz/ (ªí¥Ü³o¬O¤@Ó«Ê¸ËÀÉ®× <tt/tar/, µM«á¡M ¨Ï¥Î <tt/gzip/) À£ÁY³nÅé¦AÀ£ÁY¦Ó¦¨ªº¡C¦b UNIX ªº¥@¬É¡M³oºØ®æ¦¡±`±`·|·|¨£¨ì¡C ¥H¤U¬O¥Ü½d¦p¦ó¹î¬Ý <tt/.tar.gz/ ÀÉ¤ºªº¤º®e¡C <tscreen><verb> $ tar -ztf <file.tar.gz> | less </verb></tscreen> ¥H¤U¬O¥Ü½d¦p¦ó¸Ñ¶} <tt/.tar.gz/ ÀÉ: <tscreen><verb> $ tar -zxf <file.tar.gz> </verb></tscreen> <sect> À³¥Î <label id="Examples"> UNIX ªº¥Dn´n©À¬O§Æ±æ³z¹LºÞ½u(piping)©M«¾É(redirection)ªºÆ[©À±N©Ò¦³Â²³æªº«ü¥O¦ê³s°_¨Ó¦Ó¥i¥H¨¬°÷À³¥I¯u¹ê¥Í¬¡¤W©Ò¦³½ÆÂøªº¤u§@¡C Åý§ÚÌ¨Ó¬Ý¬Ý¤U±ªº¨Ò¤l¡M§Ú±N¥u¸ÑÄÀ¤ñ¸û½ÆÂøªº¨Ò¤l¡F¨ä¥LÂ²³æªº¨Ò¤l¡M½Ð§Q¥Î¤W±§Ú©Ò¤¶²ÐªºÆ[©À©M»¡©ú¤å¥ó(man pages)¡M¬Û«H±z¤@©w¥i¥H«Ü§Öªº¶i¤J±¡ªp¡C <bf/°ÝÃD/: ¦pªG¥u¨Ï¥Î <tt/ls/ ³oÓ«ü¥O¨ÓÅã¥ÜÀÉ®×¡M¦pªGÀÉ®×¤Ó¦hªº¸Ü¡M±`±`´N¤@¸¦Ó³u¡MÁÙ¨Ó¤£¤Î¬Ý§¹¡Mµ²ªG´N³Q±²¤W¥h¤F¡G <bf/¸Ñ¨M¤è®×/: <tscreen><verb> $ ls | less </verb></tscreen> <bf/°ÝÃD/: §Ú¦³¤@ÓÀÉ®×¡M¸Ì±¥]§t¤F³\¦h¤å¦r¡M§Ú·Q±N¤§¤Ï¦V±Æ§Ç«á¦C¦L¥X¨Ó¡G <bf/¸Ñ¨M¤è®×/: <tscreen><verb> $ cat myfile.txt | sort -r | lpr </verb></tscreen> <bf/°ÝÃD/: §Úªº¸ê®ÆÀÉ¤º¦³³\¦h«½Æªº¸ê®Æ¡M§Ún¦p¦ó§R°£«½Æªº¸ê®Æ©O¡H <bf/¸Ñ¨M¤è®×/: <tscreen><verb> $ sort datafile.dat | uniq > newfile.dat </verb></tscreen> <bf/°ÝÃD/: §Ú¦³¤@Ó¥s°µ 'mypaper.txt' ©Î¬O 'mypaper.tex' ªºÀÉ®×¡M©Î¬OÃþ¦ü³o¼ËªºÀÉ®×¦WºÙ¡M¦ý¬O§Ú§Ñ°O§Ú±N¦oÌ¦s©ñ¦b¤°»ò¦a¤è¤F¡M§Ún¦p¦ó§ä¨ì¦oÌ©O¡H <bf/¸Ñ¨M¤è®×/: <tscreen><verb> $ find ~ -name "mypaper*" </verb></tscreen> »¡©ú: <tt/find/ ¬O¤@Ó«D±`¦³¥Îªº«ü¥O¡M¦o¥i¥H¦C¥X¾ðª¬¥Ø¿ý¤Uªº©Ò¦³ÀÉ®×¡M(¦b¥»¨Ò¤¤¡M§ÚÌ¬O±q <tt/˜/ ³o¸Ì¶}©l´M§ä¡M¤]´N¬O $HOME ªº¥Ø¿ý)¡C ¦oªº¿é¥Xµ²ªG¥i¥H³z¹L³\¦h±ø¥ó³]©w¡M¦Ó¹F¨ì³\¦h¤£¤@¼Ëªº»Ý¨D¡C¨Ò¦p <tt/-name/ ¡C <bf/°ÝÃD/: §Ú·Q§ä¤@ÓÀÉ®×¤ºªº¬Y¤@Ó¦r¡M¨Ò¦p 'entropy'¡M§Ún¦p¦ó§@©O¡H¦³¨S¦³Ãþ¦ü¹³ <tt/SEARCH/ ³oºØ«ü¥O©O? <bf/¸Ñ¨M¤è®×/: ¦³ªº, ¸Õ¸Õ¬Ý grep ³oÓ«ü¥O¡G <tscreen><verb> $ grep -l 'entropy' * </verb></tscreen> »¡©ú¡G¡¯ªí¥Ü©Ò¦³ªºÀÉ®×¡C <bf/°ÝÃD/: ¦b¬YÓ¦a¤è¡Mªº¬YÓÀÉ®×ªº¤º®e¦³ 'entropy' ³oÓ¦r, §Ú·Qª¾¹D¬Oþ¤@ÓÀÉ®×¡M¥B©ñ¦bþ¸Ì¡M ¦b VMS ¤W§Ú¥i¥H¨Ï¥Î <tt/search entropy [...]*.*;*/, ¦ý¬O <tt/grep/ ³oÓ«ü¥O¤£¥i¥H¦¬´M¤l¥Ø¿ý¡M²{¦b§Ún¦p¦ó¸Ñ¨M©O¡H <bf/¸Ñ¨M¤è®×/: <tscreen><verb> $ find . -exec grep -l "entropy" {} \; 2> /dev/null </verb></tscreen> »¡©ú: <tt/find ./ ¿é¥X±q¥Ø«e³oÓ¥Ø¿ý¤U©Ò¦³ªºÀÉ®×¡]¥]§t³oÓ¥Ø¿ý¤U©Ò¦³¤l¥Ø¿ý¡^¡M <tt/-exec grep -l "entropy"/ ¬O¹ï¨C¤@µ§¥Ñ find ¶Ç¥X¨ÓªºÀÉ®×«½Æ°õ¦æ°õ¦æ(represented by <tt/{}/), <tt/\/ ¬°µ²§ô³oÓ«ü¥O¡C¦pªG±zÄ±±oªº¨ÇªF¦è¤Ó¥i©È¤F¡M¨S¿ù¡M¤£¹L±z¥i¥H¸ÕµÛ¼g¼g¤U±ªº Script¡C <code> #!/bin/sh # rgrep: recursive grep # »¼°j¦¡Â^¨ú if [ $# != 3 ] then echo "Usage: rgrep --switches 'pattern' 'directory'" exit 1 fi find $3 -name "*" -exec grep $1 $2 {} \; 2> /dev/null </code> »¡©ú: <tt/grep/ ´N¹³ <tt/search/, µ²¦X¤F <tt/find/ ¡M§ÚÌ±o¨ì¤F¨âªÌªººëµØ¡C <bf/°ÝÃD/: §Ú¦³¤@Ó¸ê®ÆÀÉ®×¡M³oÓÀÉ®×¦@¦³¨â¦CÀÉÀY(header lines)¡]¤]´N¬O»¡¡M²Ä¤Tµ§¸ê®Æ¤~¬O§Ú¯u¥¿ªº¸ê®Æ¡^¡M ¦pªG§Ú·QnÂ^¨ú¨Cµ§¸ê®Æªº²Ä¤G©M²Ä¤Äæªº¸ê®Æ¡M§Ú»Ýn¼g¤@Ó Fortran ªºµ{¦¡¶Ü¡H <bf/¸Ñ¨M¤è®×/: ¤£»Ýn¡C¨Ó¬Ý¬Ý³oÓ¨ã¦³±þ¶Ë¤Oªº«ü¥O¡I <tscreen><verb> $ awk 'NL > 2 {print $2, "\t", $5}' datafile.dat > newfile.dat </verb></tscreen> »¡©ú: <tt/awk/ ³oÓ«ü¥O¹ê»Ú¤W¥i¥H»¡¬O¤@ºØµ{¦¡»y¨¥¡G¤W±ªº·N«ä¬O»¡¡G ¦b <tt/datafile.dat/ ³oÓÀÉ®×¸Ì¡M±qÀÉ®×ªº²Ä¤T¦æ¶}©lªº¨C¤@¦æ¡M¦L¥X¨C¤@¦æªº²Ä¤G©M²Ä¤Äæ¦ì¡M ¥H tab ¬°¤À¹j²Å¸¹¡C¾Ç·|¤F <tt/awk/ ¤@©w·|Åý±z¨Æ¥b¥\¿ªº¡C <bf/°ÝÃD/: §Ú±q FTP ¯¸¤U¸ü¤F <tt/ls-lR.gz/ ³oÓÀÉ®×¡M·Qn¹î¬ÝÀÉ®×¤º®e¡C ¹ï¨C¤@Ó¤l¥Ø¿ý¦Ó¨¥¡M¦o¦³¤@¦æ¼g»¡ "total xxxx", ¨ä¤¤ xxxx ªí¥ÜÀÉ®×¤j¤p¡]kbytes¡^ §Ú·Qª¾¹D©Ò¦³ xxxx ÈªºÁ`©M¡M§Ún¦p¦ó§@©O¡H <bf/¸Ñ¨M¤è®×/: <tscreen><verb> $ zcat ls-lR.gz | awk ' $1 == "total" { i += $2 } END {print i}' </verb></tscreen> »¡©ú: <tt/zcat/ ¥i¥H¦C¥X <tt/.gz/ ªºÀÉ®×¤º®e¡CµM«á±N zcat ±o¨ìªºµ²ªGÂà°e(pipe)¨ì <tt/awk/¡C¬Ý¨ì¤F§a¡I¤F¸Ñ awk ¯uªº¹ï±z¦³«Ü¤jªºÀ°§U³á¡CRMP¡I <bf/°ÝÃD/: §Ú¤w¸g¼g¤F¤@°¦ <tt/myprog/ ªº Fortran ªºµ{¦¡¡M¥i¥Hpºâ¥Ñ©R¥O¦C¶Ç¶i¨ÓªºÀÉ®×ªº¸ê®Æ¡M ¥i¬O¡M§Ú¦³«Ü¦hÓ¸ê®ÆÀÉ»Ýn¿é¤J¨ì³o°¦µ{¦¡¡M¨C¤@ÓÀÉ®×±N·|¦³¤@Óµ²ªGÀÉ®×¡C¦ý¬O¨C¦¸³£n¿é¤JÀÉ¦W¹ê¦b«Ü·Ð¤H¡M ¦b VMS ¤W¡M§Ú»Ýn¼g¤@ÓÅoöªº©R¥OÀÉ(command file)¤~¥i¥H¸Ñ¨M¡M¨º»ò¦b Linux ¤W©O¡H <bf/¸Ñ¨M¤è®×/: ¥un¤@Ó¤p¤pªº Script ´N¥i¥H¸Ñ¨M¤F¡C×§ï±zªºµ{¦¡¡MÅý±zªºµ{¦¡¥i¥H¹w©wÅª¤J '<tt/mydata.dat/' ³oÓÀÉ®×¡M ±Nµ²ªG¿é¥X¨ì¿Ã¹õ(stdout), µM«á½s¿è¤U±ªº Script¡G <code> #!/bin/sh # myprog.sh: run the same command on many different files # usage: myprog.sh *.dat for file in $* # for all parameters (e.g. *.dat) do # append the file name to result.dat echo -n "${file}: " >> results.dat # copy current argument to mydata.dat, run myprog # and append the output to results.dat cp ${file} mydata.dat ; myprog >> results.dat done </code> <bf/°ÝÃD/: §Ú§Æ±æ±N©Ò¦³ÀÉ®×¤ºªº `geology' ¦r´À´«¦¨ `geophysics' ¡M§Ú»Ýn¤â°Ê½s¿è¶Ü¡H¡I <bf/¸Ñ¨M¤è®×/: ¤£»Ýn¡C ¤U±ªº Shell Script ¥i¥HÀ°±z¿ì¨ì¡G <code> #!/bin/sh # replace $1 with $2 in $* # usage: replace "old-pattern" "new-pattern" file [file...] OLD=$1 # first parameter of the script NEW=$2 # second parameter shift ; shift # discard the first 2 parameters: the next are the file names for file in $* # for all files given as parameters do # replace every occurrence of OLD with NEW, save on a temporary file sed "s/$OLD/$NEW/g" ${file} > ${file}.new # rename the temporary file as the original file /bin/mv ${file}.new ${file} done </code> <bf/°ÝÃD/: §Ú¦³¤@¨ÇÀÉ®×¡M§Ú¤£ª¾¹D¦oÌªºÀÉ®×ªø«×¡M§Ú¥²¶·²¾°£³o¨ÇÀÉ®×¤ºªºË¼Æ²Ä¤G©MË¼Æ²Ä¤T¦æ¡M»Ýn¤â°Ê¶Ü¡H <bf/¸Ñ¨M¤è®×/: ·íµM¤£»Ýn¡MÁÙ¬O¨Ï¥Î Shell Script: <code> #!/bin/sh # prune.sh: removes n-1th and n-2th lines from files # usage: prune.sh file [file...] for file in $* # for every parameter do LINES=`wc -l $file | awk '{print $1}'` # pºâÁ`¦@¦³´X¦æ LINES=`expr $LINES - 3` # LINES = LINES - 3 head -n $LINES $file > $file.new # ¿é¥X«e LINES ¦æ tail -n 1 $file >> $file.new # ¦A±N³Ì«á¤@¦æªþ¥[¨ìÀÉ®×³Ì«á done </code> §Æ±æ¥H¤W³o¨Ç¹ê¨Ò¼W¥[±z¤£¤Öªº¹¼¤... <sect> ¤£¥i¤Öªº¤p°¾¤è <itemize> <item> <bf/Command completion/: ·í±z¦b©R¥O¦C±ý¿é¤J¬Y¤@«ü¥Oªº®ÉÔ¡M±z¤£»Ýn§¹¥þ¿é¤J³oÓ«ü¥Oªº©Ò¦³¦WºÙ¡M ¿é¤J«e´XÓ¦r¤¸«á¡M¦A«ö <TAB> ¡M¨t²Î·|À°±z§¹¦¨¿é¤J©Ò¦³ªº«ü¥O¦WºÙ; 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